The Human Biology in Medical Field

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Television has become a very popular entertainment source community. Tv viewing habits are not confined to certain age groups, including children. But apparently, the habit of watching tv in a long time have a negative impact on eye health, especially in children.

Television emits blue rays that are harmful to children. Blue light causes degeneration (damage) of the retina. There are two things that affect the amount of blue light received by the child, the duration of watching television in one day and the distance while watching tv.

Research results revealed that the longer the time to watch tv, the lower the score function of the retina. The eyes of children are particularly vulnerable due to blue light, because their lens are relatively clear so it can not absorb blue light maximally. They concluded that the longer total time spent Recommended for watching television per day is 60 minutes for children aged 6-9 years, and 90 minutes for children aged 9-13 years.

In addition, television viewing distance also affects the function of the retina of children. Although not statistically significant, there is a tendency that the closer the distance to watch tv, the retinal function scores decreased. Therefore, researchers recommend to watch television in a distance more than 4 feet, because children who watch TV with a distance of more than 4 m have a better score of retinal function. However, eye damage associated with viewing distance and size of the tv needs to be further investigated.

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Biotransformation using bacteria from the skin of blueberries produced blueberry juice that has a role as an anti-obesity and anti-diabetic. Research conducted at the University de Montral, the Institut Armand-Frappier and the University de Moncton published in International Journal of Obesity, comparing the effect of biotransformation of blueberry juice with regular blueberry drink in rats.

‘The results of this study indicate that blueberry juice biotrasnformasi have extraordinary effects as an anti-obesity and anti-diabetes,’ said senior author Pierre S. Haddad, a professor of pharmacology in the Faculty of Medicine, University de Montral’s. ‘Biotransformation of blueberry juice may be developed into therapeutic agents given the properties that can reduce the conditions of hyperglycemia in rats with diabetes and can protect young mice from obesity and diabetes.

The researchers tested the effects of blueberry juice transformation into a group of mice prone to obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and hypertension. Giving transformation blueberry juice may reduce food intake and their weight. ‘Rat is the best model is close to the case of obesity and obesity associated with type 2 diabetes in humans,’ said dr. Haddad, director of the CIHR Team in Aboriginal Anti-Diabetic Medicines University de Montral.

Biotransformation blueberry juice is done by adding strains of bacteria isolated from the flora of blueberry, or called Serratia vaccinii that can enhance the effect of antioxidant blueberries. Consumption of blueberry juice that is fermented on a regular basis can significantly reduce high blood pressure and blood glucose levels in mice. After three days, the mice glucose levels fell to 35%.

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Not only in the elderly. Babies can also suffer from glaucoma. The disease was suffered due to congenital abnormalities in the form of interference on the channel system of fluid secretion in the eye. As a result, there is increased pressure within the eyeball. The condition is called congenital glaucoma. What are the signs?

The most obvious sign, eye ball looks bigger than normal size. Another sign, the cornea is very white color and large size. If not treated immediately, will be enlarged eyeball. That’s what makes the baby suffered blindness. For that case, the eyes of the blind should be taken first.

After that, in patients with eye prosthesis can be installed. Furthermore, the artificial eye fitted to stimulate bone growth in the eye socket / orbital, retaining the socket, and prop the eyelid. Using the prosthesis did not make the patient could see again. Patients will still be blind, but in cosmetics resemble the normal eye. Indeed, the shape and size of the artificial eye is not as perfect as the original. At least, the patient is so confident because despite having a false eye.

Conversely, if not installed prostheses, eye ball size will appear smaller than the next. This makes the eyelid down and the gap between the eyelid look smaller. In addition, the upper eyelids look more sunken, orbita was shrinking. As well, eyelashes will get into the eye.

Rachel added, artificial eyes made of acrylic or plastic material polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The material is formed in such a way. The front becomes convex, while the rear concave.

Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of inherited disorders characterized by progressive loss of peripheral vision and trouble seeing at night (nyctalopia) that can continue to develop into a central vision loss. 

Patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) should perform routine eye examination every year to monitor the field of view. With a routine examination as well, both physicians and patients to know whether progression-trip walk fast or slow.

Medical experts recommend a balanced food intake with green leafy vegetables is sufficient. Until now there is no proof that certain foods can lead to improvement or deterioration.

Retinitis pigmentosa Patients are advised to not be too often exposed by the light that is too strong because it can cause worsening damage to the retina. The use of sunglasses that can absorb UV light is recommended for patients with retinitis pigmentosa if they want to go out of the room.

Consumption of anti-oxidants such as vitamin A, vitamin E and vitamin C is also said to help reduce the progression of this disease. Consumption of anti-oxidants are required in high doses and should be consumed with doctor’s supervision. The administration of vitamin A can reach 15000-25000 IU per day, vitamin E 800 IU per day, and vitamin C 1000 mg/day.

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The new study found that women who eat fish regularly have a lower risk of suffering from Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or macular degeneration – (macula is the center of the retina and is the most vital part of the retina,-Red) related to age. Age-related macular degeneration is a disease associated with aging (the elderly), which gradually destroy the sharpnes at central vision. The researchers note that about 9 million U.S. adults over the age of 40 has undergone several stages of Age-related macular degeneration. Most of them suffered early stage disease, while 1.7 million of them have undergone more advanced disease stages that lead to a fatal loss of vision.

In this study, researchers at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical SchooldiBoston collected data from 38,022 women, which was never diagnosed with Age-related macular degeneration. One author, William G. Christen, said that their observation data is still in a random test, so it needs further confirmation.

“But the message which want to be taken already seen a simple and strong,” Christen added. “Fish oil, namely Omega-3 fatty acids which found in fish, has long been considered to protect the body from heart disease also have significant benefits in primary prevention of Age-related macular degeneration among women who are not detected or not detected early signs of disease , and Age-related macular degeneration has not been diagnosed with the disease. “he continued.

This study examined the eating habits of the participants, including omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6, the data collected and monitored their eye health to 10 years. As a result, women who eat lots of Omega-3 fatty acids have 38 percent lower risk of developing Age-related macular degeneration than those who eat less Omega-3 fatty acids.

By eating fish as much as one or more of the week 42 percent lower risk of Age-related macular degeneration compared to those affected by eating one serving of fish a month. Christen said that lower risk is apparently caused by eating tuna and dark-meat fish. In addition, researchers also found a suggestion that higher consumption of one omega-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid) actually possible to increase the risk of Age-related macular degeneration, but the researchers did not examine it further.

The study, published online in the March 14 edition of Archives of Ophthalmology is very surprising but it helps the doctors. Because until now, no method is recognized to slow the occurrence of AMD for those who do not have the disease or who just showed the first symptom, in addition to advising patients not to smoke. This research will also appear on the Journal Archives of Ophthalmology in print in this June.

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Science journals have featured countless stories about the evolution of the human brain. Scientists are puzzled since humans have much bigger brains than any other species. Their suggested explanations have often been mutually exclusive, for instance the old text book explanation relied on eating meat but a few years ago an article New Scientist, a popular science magazine, suggested that eating starch was the secret of brain growth. But both explanations fail to answer why other meat or starch eating species do not have big brains.

At the recent AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science) annual meeting in Boston, Richard Lewontin, a distinguished biology professor at Harvard University, acknowledged that stories about human brain evolution have not been based on facts. Reporting on the meeting for the journal Science, Michael Balter quoted Lewontin as saying, “We are missing the fossil record of human cognition, so we make up stories.” The title of Balter’s article seems to be an admission of sorts: “How Human Intelligence Evolved–Is It Science or ‘Paleofantasy’?”

According to professor Lewontin, it is fantasy. Lewontin suggests that there is much cause for pessimism in the study of human origins. Science reporter James Randerson of Britain’s Guardian newspaper was even more brunt, saying, “We know nothing about brain evolution.” Randerson went on to summarise Lewontin’s reasons for pessimism. “The handful of hominid fossils stretching back 4m years or so” cannot tell us whether any of them were our ancestors. We “do not have the have the faintest idea what the cranial capacity [of a fossil hominid] means”. Moreover, we do not even know which hominids walked upright and which did not.

Lewontin is well-known for his outspokenness. In 1997 he wrote in The New York Review of Books that scientists choose to make up “unsubstantiated just-so stories” because they “have a prior commitment, a commitment to materialism… Moreover, that materialism is an absolute, for we cannot allow a Divine Foot in the door.”

Obviously, the scientific community cannot ignore Lewinton’s recent conclusions. If the ruling paradigm (naturalism or the view that nature is all there is) leads us into a blind alley, might there be something wrong with it?

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Fy fishing

Great news! You can now listen to our interview with Brian Chan on a biologist’s point of view on fly fishing trout. We interviewed Brian this week and the show was a huge hit. A lot of listeners sent in their questions, but since the show was only about 90 minutes, Brian wasn’t able to answer everything. Well, don’t worry because we’ve scheduled a part two of the interview and we will try to fit in all your questions.

A fisheries biologist is well-versed with the ways of the trout and how and where to catch them. Brian spent his career managing recreational trout fisheries, worked on habitat protection and management plans for various lakes.

He said that trout are usually present in eutrophic lakes. These are lakes that are shallow and us and usually have intermittent or no inlets or outlets, which means that they have low flushing rates. The soils and geology around it make them nutrient-rich so that they grow insects for fish.

Brian talked about several other topics including alkaline and acidic lakes, spring and winter turnovers, thermocline, the main food sources for trout, and a lot of other stuff.

Visit www.AskAboutFlyFishing.com and register free to receive advance notification of Ask About Fy fishing’s upcoming Internet radio shows and to receive a special free guide on improving your fly casting. Ask About Fly Fishing – Internet Radio produces two 90-minute shows every month on the different areas concerning fly fishing. Its program host, D. Roger Maves interviews different top-rated fly fishers from different parts of the world. Listeners from around the world can listen to the show live at their website at AskAboutFlyFishing.com or by phone.

Listen to the show now and be surprised at how much scientific knowledge you will get from Brian. Enjoy!

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Mt Lion – Courtesy of Squam Lakes Natural Science Center

An Interview with Biologist Rick Van de Poll, Ph.D. by Wayne King

Read these brief reports of sightings and see if you don’t become a believer yourself.

What was your first encounter with signs that Mt. Lions might exist in NH?

Between September 1999 and December 2003 I conducted natural resource inventories of approximately 8,000 acres in the Ossipee Mountains for the Lakes Region Conservation Trust. In October of 1999 I came across my first positive sign of a mountain lion in the form of an old scat on the top of Larcom Mountain. I sent the sample off to the Wildlife Conservation Society, who had it DNA tested at the National Institute of Health laboratories in Washington, D.C. This sample was too degraded to provided any results, either positive or negative. During that same month, however, I obtained a plaster cast sample of a track, at the base of the mountain, which appeared to be mountain lion.

A year later in December, in the same locale, I obtained a very fresh sample of a scat which had a distinct, cat-like odor and was the standard size for mountain lion (which I recognized immediately having collected several samples from the western United States). This time I contacted the Michigan Wildlife Habitat Federation, who agreed to test the sample along with a sample I took from the Squam Range in Holderness. Both samples were sent to the Wyoming Fish and Game Commission, and both samples were tested along with several Upper Peninsula Michigan cougar scats. Both samples were identified through nuclear satellite DNA testing to contain “no appreciable difference” in their array signature from mountain lion scat arrays that the WFGC had on file from western states. Because there were no existing arrays from New England bobcats, lynxes or mountain lions to compare them with, they did not have any secondary confirmation information with which to certify their findings. The gentleman in Michigan, however, who received the shipment through overnight delivery, stated that this scat was unequivocally mountain lion, and that he would be willing to stand by his opinion, based on several years of scat analysis he has conducted on the (now confirmed) resident population in Michigan.

Did you contact NH Fish and Game about this?

All of the above data has been related to the NH Fish & Game Department. In fact, I contacted them initially to determine if they had any DNA testing facilities in the state. I have forwarded them my own list of 32 sightings in the Lakes Region that I have gathered from area residents since 1999. I also testified at a hearing about the DNA results and had Wyoming Fish & Game Commission forward their letter of results directly to Mike Marchand at NH Fish & Game. In spite of this report, they still consider the finding insufficient to confirm active presence of mountain lion in New Hampshire.

Is there a good reason for being this skeptical on their part?

As a wildlife biologist with 30 years experience, I am inclined to be skeptical of hearsay evidence on wildlife species that are rare. I can respect the opinions of the NH Fish & Game biologists, whose public relations tasks would become more onerous should they admit that we have a federally endangered predator present in this state. However, when the preponderance of evidence points to the active presence of (likely) a few individual mountain lions in this state, it would behoove the state to begin the necessary task of gathering information that informs its population of citizens about mountain lions rather than contributing to the myth that they do not exist.

Dr. Rick Van de Poll is a principle in Ecosystem Management Consultants of Center Sandwich, NH.

I Believe T-Shirt from Moosewood Communications

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Even though many people today are already familiar with the term marine biologist, several still do not realize the job title. The term can be used in different jobs and disciplines in marine science that deal with studying aquatic life. Even sociologists and economists dealing with marine resource conditions are included in the field of marine biology. You have to properly identify the job outlook to know which part you want to be included in.

Schools Offering Programs in Marine Biology

Several universities and colleges offer different degrees in marine biology, as well as other related fields. You can find more information about the various academic programs online. If you want to study along the Pacific Coast, there are a number of schools that you might want to look at such as the School of Fisheries at the University of Washington in Seattle, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife at Oregon State, Humboldt University in California, University in Corvallis and University of California Programs at San Diego.

If you want to study in the Midwest, you can enrol at the University of Wisconsin. If you intend to study on the East Coast, you can choose University of Rhode Island, University of Miami, University of Maryland and University of Georgia. Gulf Coast schools include Auburn University, Texas A&M University and Louisiana State University.

The Courses

If you want to pursue a marine biology career, you have to take preparatory courses in physics, zoology, biology, chemistry, mathematics, biometrics and statistics. English is also vital since you will be writing and publishing scientific papers. Other courses in the aquatic sciences are also vital, such as oceanography, fishery biology and ichthyology. Courses in the social sciences are needed which generally deal with management and public policies.

Undergraduates

You undergraduate course does not have to be marine biology. You can graduate and have a degree in zoology, biology, fisheries or one of the animal sciences. Physical oceanographers may aim for an oceanography degree, having a lot of course work in computer modeling, math and physics. Biological oceanographers focus on both the physical and biological features of the sea and the interactions. You will need a bachelor’s or master’s degree to start any kind of marine biological research job.

Getting the Degree

An ideal sample degree will breakdown into the following: biology (45%) and zoology (28%). Undergraduate work may also be done in the following: fisheries (12%), conservation (3%), oceanography (5%), marine biology (2%), chemistry (2%), animal science (2%), biological oceanography (2%) and math (1%).

Among the individuals who acquired their master’s degree, majority chose either zoology or fisheries. Other popular picks include biology, marine biology, oceanography and biological oceanography. Other categories included are animal sciences, physical oceanography and ecology. Most Ph.D. degrees also chose either zoology or fisheries. Other doctorate degrees focused on marine biology, oceanography, biology, ecology and statistics.

Accreditation will depend largely on the school and governing bodies. You may also independently get accreditation by applying to the regional Higher Commission on Learning or regional association of colleges.

www.tmwmedia.com Host Melody Young meets with marine biologist Andrea Cannon and joins her in her work to save the Kemp-Ridley sea turtle. Subjects Covered Include: Careers related to marine biology. What type of animals do marine biologists work with? How long do you have to go to school to be a marine biologist? Why is math important to be a marine biologist? What is a sea turtle? What is a coral reef? Why is saltwater life different than freshwater? Do you have to go to college to be a marine biologist? Why do turtles bury their eggs? Why are sea turtles endangered? What is a ted? Are computers important to marine biologists? Why is it important to protect endangered species?

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