The Human Biology in Medical Field

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Colorectal cancer is a life-threatening disease which requires immediate medical intervention. Statistics indicate that colorectal cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer diagnosed in the United States each year. Although colorectal cancer predominantly affects the elderly, the disease can also affect young adults and even children. Oncologists sustain that early diagnosis of colorectal cancer plays a major role in overcoming the disease, as prompt medical intervention considerably increases patients’ life expectancy. Thanks to medical advance, doctors can nowadays rely on various modern techniques for diagnosing colorectal cancer. Common methods used for revealing early signs of colorectal cancer are barium enemas, colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy.

Sigmoidoscopy is one of the most reliable medical procedures used in diagnosing colorectal cancer in present. Through the means of sigmoidoscopy, oncologists are able to timely detect signs of physiological abnormalities at the level of the colon. Sigmoidoscopy can be either performed with an immobile or a flexible scope, depending on the segments of the colon that require screening. However, due to the fact that rigid sigmoidoscopy provides limited visibility, doctors usually prefer using a flexible scope instead. In addition, flexible sigmoidoscopy is less likely to cause discomfort to patients. Flexible sigmoidoscopy involves using a 60-cm scope that can easily detect cancerous colonic polyps, tumors or adenomas situated in various regions of the large bowel.

Sigmoidoscopy is primarily recommended for patients that present no clear symptoms of colorectal cancer. The procedure involves very few risks and it is well tolerated by most patients. Post-sigmoidoscopy symptoms are usually mild and disappear completely within a few hours or days. Such symptoms may include abdominal pain and bloating, internal discomfort and rarely, minor rectal injuries.

Although sigmoidoscopy is a simple procedure, it is important to note that it may not be appropriate for some patients. Sigmoidoscopy is not recommended to people who have suffered bowel surgery, people with acute peritonitis or people with acute diverticulitis. In some cases, the procedure may also be contraindicated for people who have recently suffered abdominal surgery.

Before receiving an examination with the sigmoidoscope, patients are administered bisacodyl and magnesium citrate. Combined with enemas, these medications are used for preparing the large bowel for sigmoidoscopy. The preparation treatment for sigmoidoscopy is very important for increasing the visibility inside the bowel. The actual procedure is very quick and it generally causes minimal discomfort to patients. Post-sigmoidoscopy complications are also very rare.

Corroborated with colonoscopy screening and barium enemas, sigmoidoscopy is very effective in timely spotting traces of malignant activity at the level of the large bowel. Since it has been introduced in the process of diagnosing colorectal cancers, sigmoidoscopy has considerably decreased patients’ mortality rate.

For more resource on different colon cancer subjects please click this link http://www.colon-cancer-center.com. You can also find valuable information about metastatic colon cancer or even about colon cancer treatment

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Science journals have featured countless stories about the evolution of the human brain. Scientists are puzzled since humans have much bigger brains than any other species. Their suggested explanations have often been mutually exclusive, for instance the old text book explanation relied on eating meat but a few years ago an article New Scientist, a popular science magazine, suggested that eating starch was the secret of brain growth. But both explanations fail to answer why other meat or starch eating species do not have big brains.

At the recent AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science) annual meeting in Boston, Richard Lewontin, a distinguished biology professor at Harvard University, acknowledged that stories about human brain evolution have not been based on facts. Reporting on the meeting for the journal Science, Michael Balter quoted Lewontin as saying, “We are missing the fossil record of human cognition, so we make up stories.” The title of Balter’s article seems to be an admission of sorts: “How Human Intelligence Evolved–Is It Science or ‘Paleofantasy’?”

According to professor Lewontin, it is fantasy. Lewontin suggests that there is much cause for pessimism in the study of human origins. Science reporter James Randerson of Britain’s Guardian newspaper was even more brunt, saying, “We know nothing about brain evolution.” Randerson went on to summarise Lewontin’s reasons for pessimism. “The handful of hominid fossils stretching back 4m years or so” cannot tell us whether any of them were our ancestors. We “do not have the have the faintest idea what the cranial capacity [of a fossil hominid] means”. Moreover, we do not even know which hominids walked upright and which did not.

Lewontin is well-known for his outspokenness. In 1997 he wrote in The New York Review of Books that scientists choose to make up “unsubstantiated just-so stories” because they “have a prior commitment, a commitment to materialism… Moreover, that materialism is an absolute, for we cannot allow a Divine Foot in the door.”

Obviously, the scientific community cannot ignore Lewinton’s recent conclusions. If the ruling paradigm (naturalism or the view that nature is all there is) leads us into a blind alley, might there be something wrong with it?

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Fy fishing

Great news! You can now listen to our interview with Brian Chan on a biologist’s point of view on fly fishing trout. We interviewed Brian this week and the show was a huge hit. A lot of listeners sent in their questions, but since the show was only about 90 minutes, Brian wasn’t able to answer everything. Well, don’t worry because we’ve scheduled a part two of the interview and we will try to fit in all your questions.

A fisheries biologist is well-versed with the ways of the trout and how and where to catch them. Brian spent his career managing recreational trout fisheries, worked on habitat protection and management plans for various lakes.

He said that trout are usually present in eutrophic lakes. These are lakes that are shallow and us and usually have intermittent or no inlets or outlets, which means that they have low flushing rates. The soils and geology around it make them nutrient-rich so that they grow insects for fish.

Brian talked about several other topics including alkaline and acidic lakes, spring and winter turnovers, thermocline, the main food sources for trout, and a lot of other stuff.

Visit www.AskAboutFlyFishing.com and register free to receive advance notification of Ask About Fy fishing’s upcoming Internet radio shows and to receive a special free guide on improving your fly casting. Ask About Fly Fishing – Internet Radio produces two 90-minute shows every month on the different areas concerning fly fishing. Its program host, D. Roger Maves interviews different top-rated fly fishers from different parts of the world. Listeners from around the world can listen to the show live at their website at AskAboutFlyFishing.com or by phone.

Listen to the show now and be surprised at how much scientific knowledge you will get from Brian. Enjoy!

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Mt Lion – Courtesy of Squam Lakes Natural Science Center

An Interview with Biologist Rick Van de Poll, Ph.D. by Wayne King

Read these brief reports of sightings and see if you don’t become a believer yourself.

What was your first encounter with signs that Mt. Lions might exist in NH?

Between September 1999 and December 2003 I conducted natural resource inventories of approximately 8,000 acres in the Ossipee Mountains for the Lakes Region Conservation Trust. In October of 1999 I came across my first positive sign of a mountain lion in the form of an old scat on the top of Larcom Mountain. I sent the sample off to the Wildlife Conservation Society, who had it DNA tested at the National Institute of Health laboratories in Washington, D.C. This sample was too degraded to provided any results, either positive or negative. During that same month, however, I obtained a plaster cast sample of a track, at the base of the mountain, which appeared to be mountain lion.

A year later in December, in the same locale, I obtained a very fresh sample of a scat which had a distinct, cat-like odor and was the standard size for mountain lion (which I recognized immediately having collected several samples from the western United States). This time I contacted the Michigan Wildlife Habitat Federation, who agreed to test the sample along with a sample I took from the Squam Range in Holderness. Both samples were sent to the Wyoming Fish and Game Commission, and both samples were tested along with several Upper Peninsula Michigan cougar scats. Both samples were identified through nuclear satellite DNA testing to contain “no appreciable difference” in their array signature from mountain lion scat arrays that the WFGC had on file from western states. Because there were no existing arrays from New England bobcats, lynxes or mountain lions to compare them with, they did not have any secondary confirmation information with which to certify their findings. The gentleman in Michigan, however, who received the shipment through overnight delivery, stated that this scat was unequivocally mountain lion, and that he would be willing to stand by his opinion, based on several years of scat analysis he has conducted on the (now confirmed) resident population in Michigan.

Did you contact NH Fish and Game about this?

All of the above data has been related to the NH Fish & Game Department. In fact, I contacted them initially to determine if they had any DNA testing facilities in the state. I have forwarded them my own list of 32 sightings in the Lakes Region that I have gathered from area residents since 1999. I also testified at a hearing about the DNA results and had Wyoming Fish & Game Commission forward their letter of results directly to Mike Marchand at NH Fish & Game. In spite of this report, they still consider the finding insufficient to confirm active presence of mountain lion in New Hampshire.

Is there a good reason for being this skeptical on their part?

As a wildlife biologist with 30 years experience, I am inclined to be skeptical of hearsay evidence on wildlife species that are rare. I can respect the opinions of the NH Fish & Game biologists, whose public relations tasks would become more onerous should they admit that we have a federally endangered predator present in this state. However, when the preponderance of evidence points to the active presence of (likely) a few individual mountain lions in this state, it would behoove the state to begin the necessary task of gathering information that informs its population of citizens about mountain lions rather than contributing to the myth that they do not exist.

Dr. Rick Van de Poll is a principle in Ecosystem Management Consultants of Center Sandwich, NH.

I Believe T-Shirt from Moosewood Communications

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Even though many people today are already familiar with the term marine biologist, several still do not realize the job title. The term can be used in different jobs and disciplines in marine science that deal with studying aquatic life. Even sociologists and economists dealing with marine resource conditions are included in the field of marine biology. You have to properly identify the job outlook to know which part you want to be included in.

Schools Offering Programs in Marine Biology

Several universities and colleges offer different degrees in marine biology, as well as other related fields. You can find more information about the various academic programs online. If you want to study along the Pacific Coast, there are a number of schools that you might want to look at such as the School of Fisheries at the University of Washington in Seattle, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife at Oregon State, Humboldt University in California, University in Corvallis and University of California Programs at San Diego.

If you want to study in the Midwest, you can enrol at the University of Wisconsin. If you intend to study on the East Coast, you can choose University of Rhode Island, University of Miami, University of Maryland and University of Georgia. Gulf Coast schools include Auburn University, Texas A&M University and Louisiana State University.

The Courses

If you want to pursue a marine biology career, you have to take preparatory courses in physics, zoology, biology, chemistry, mathematics, biometrics and statistics. English is also vital since you will be writing and publishing scientific papers. Other courses in the aquatic sciences are also vital, such as oceanography, fishery biology and ichthyology. Courses in the social sciences are needed which generally deal with management and public policies.

Undergraduates

You undergraduate course does not have to be marine biology. You can graduate and have a degree in zoology, biology, fisheries or one of the animal sciences. Physical oceanographers may aim for an oceanography degree, having a lot of course work in computer modeling, math and physics. Biological oceanographers focus on both the physical and biological features of the sea and the interactions. You will need a bachelor’s or master’s degree to start any kind of marine biological research job.

Getting the Degree

An ideal sample degree will breakdown into the following: biology (45%) and zoology (28%). Undergraduate work may also be done in the following: fisheries (12%), conservation (3%), oceanography (5%), marine biology (2%), chemistry (2%), animal science (2%), biological oceanography (2%) and math (1%).

Among the individuals who acquired their master’s degree, majority chose either zoology or fisheries. Other popular picks include biology, marine biology, oceanography and biological oceanography. Other categories included are animal sciences, physical oceanography and ecology. Most Ph.D. degrees also chose either zoology or fisheries. Other doctorate degrees focused on marine biology, oceanography, biology, ecology and statistics.

Accreditation will depend largely on the school and governing bodies. You may also independently get accreditation by applying to the regional Higher Commission on Learning or regional association of colleges.

www.tmwmedia.com Host Melody Young meets with marine biologist Andrea Cannon and joins her in her work to save the Kemp-Ridley sea turtle. Subjects Covered Include: Careers related to marine biology. What type of animals do marine biologists work with? How long do you have to go to school to be a marine biologist? Why is math important to be a marine biologist? What is a sea turtle? What is a coral reef? Why is saltwater life different than freshwater? Do you have to go to college to be a marine biologist? Why do turtles bury their eggs? Why are sea turtles endangered? What is a ted? Are computers important to marine biologists? Why is it important to protect endangered species?

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Some students are particularly interested in becoming marine biologists. However, you need to gauge your personal strengths, skills, knowledge and capabilities to fully determine if it is the right career for you. There are different branches of science, but only a handful of individuals can truly have the patience and interest in knowing more about the vast mysteries that fill the ocean depths. Here are some things you can expect in an interview.

Initial Questions

First of all, you have to know what marine biology means. How is it different from other branches of science? Indicate the advantages and disadvantages of studying marine biology. Although there are no real disadvantages when it comes to comparing marine biology from other branches of science, remember that ocean life is more vast than anything you have ever known on land. Most of the ocean is still unexplored and unknown, even though technology has improved significantly in the past few decades.

Also indicate your reasons for wanting to pursue the course. Some marine biologists want to practice to hopefully solve mysteries and find treasures in the waters. Others are activists who want to protect aquatic life. Others are simply interested and have the right tools and mindset to patiently study the changes and adjustments with regards to time and the world in general.

Relations and Branches

You have to know a number of things about marine biology, such as the different habitats, the various organisms, the most popular animals and plants, microscopic organisms, ecosystems and other effects that inland activities and technology have on the ocean. Take note that oceanography, molecular biology and environmental management are related occupations to the field. You can also study these and determine which field you want to invest in.

Personal Interest and Numbers

You can have other advantages and benefits as a marine biologist. You will most likely be asked which experiences triggered you to pursue such course. You can gain the advantage later on of taking rare photos, experiencing rare events that affect the ocean significantly such as typhoons and natural calamities as well earning a big salary, depending on your job and company. The average salary of marine biologists could be anywhere between ,000 and ,000. You can also get summer salary from grants. If you plan to teach, you can expect lower salary. A full professor can earn higher at about ,000 to 0,000 each year.

Responsibilities

Since the profession of marine biology is very wide, you can expect to have specific responsibilities, depending on your assignment and the area that your group intends to study. Some of the jobs that you may have include feeding and observing activities of different organisms like worms, clams and other sediment-eating animals. You may also do more interesting activities such as following whales, sharks or manatees. You can also be assigned to determine the different phases of reproduction and the triggers that cause animals to migrate to different oceanic locations.

Your responsibility may take a few weeks or several years, depending on the project. You should expect to develop solutions for different challenges and predicaments underwater. Marine labs contain different equipments that you have to use and master over time.

A takeoff of the Iron Chef television series in a molecular biology lab. Instead of interesting foods, the contestants use the ingredients and tools of molecular biology to identify genetic diversity in a freshwater snail population.
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There are several features and roles that marine biologists have to assume, depending on their level of experience and expertise. You may be assigned to research different species depending on your location and assignment. You should also know the basic qualifications to make it as a marine biologist. You can be given tasks, based on your current degree.

On Research

If you intend to do research as a marine biologist, you need to finish college with a Bachelor of Science degree (4 years) at the very least, preferably from a known university offering specialization in marine sciences. Having this degree will allow you to work as a lab technician or on a ship running samples. You may also be assigned as a scientist. It is recommended that you have good grades in high school too.

A bachelor’s degree is not actually enough qualification to permit you to work as a scientist wherein you do your own research. You will need to get a master’s degree at the very least, but given the current employment conditions, you will also need a PhD in Marine Biology, lasting 4 to 5 years. As soon as you finish the PhD, you will be required to spend 3 to 4 years more in positions referred to as post-doctoral fellow. You can be hired as a temporary contract position by a scientist to run a part of the research semi-independently. As soon as you complete the stage, you will be considered qualified enough to be hired by a government agency, university or private research group.

Things to Do

As a marine biologist, you need to perform an active research program which includes publishing the results in peer-reviewed journals. You are also expected to review documents from other existing researchers in your field. If you are currently employed in a university, you will be tasked to teach, as well as supervise the training of research students at the PhD and Master’s level. You will need to be an active member of the community, such as joining committees in the academic department. You may also be tasked to apply for research grants. Funds are highly needed to do research.

About the Course and Other Requirements

Marine Biology is usually a major course in many universities. You can also choose to specialize further by going for areas like benthic biology or living on the ocean bottom, ichthyology or fish studies, etc. It is important to have a very keen mind, as well as the ability to be meticulous and careful. A lot of research will need you to repeat the same work again and again. Majority of scientific research does not lead to awards. You have to be patient with the developments. You will need to have a lot of positive reinforcement to stick to the course for the long term.

Tips to Get In

Always aim for good grades to stay competitive and possibly get scholarships. Focus on your writing skills and train more in your maths and computer programs. You should always volunteer as an assistant if the opportunity comes up, since what you learned in university may not entirely be the same as the actual job you will be performing once you get out of school. You will adjust to the situation more as you get more experience.

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Being a marine biologist can be a dream come true for some individuals. Once you finish university and start working for different institutions, you will find that a lot of privileges and opportunities start to unravel. You get to boost your knowledge and travel all over the world without having to worry about fees and unnecessary expenses. Marine biology is for the adventurous, bold and ambitious who want something more out of their lives.

Financial Privileges

In the beginning, one may only receive a meagre salary of ,000 to ,000. However, if you finish your doctorate degree and gain some experience, you will find that your monthly pay can increase significantly. There is little raise to be expected during the first 2 to 3 years, except if you get involved in major discoveries, studies or expeditions. Advanced professionals can start receiving ,000 to ,000 per year. If you have been working as a marine biologist for 10 years or more, you will notice that salary also increases significantly. Professors, managers and administrators can receive salary as big as 0,000 to 0,000 each year.

Traveling

As a marine biologist, you will be given the opportunity to travel to different parts of the world. You will spend a lot of time both offshore and inland to gather data and observe for changes in the ocean and all organisms living in it. Although your manager will choose the destination most of the time, you get the privilege of not having to spend any cash on tickets and accommodations. You will most likely spend time in ships, vessels and submersibles. Inland, you will report to a lab and stay in special dormitories or a nice hotel.

Marine biologists can go on expeditions lasting several months. If you get assigned to a distant location for a major study, you may have the rest of the year off after you have completed all tasks. Marine biologists study all the oceans of the world from the Pacific to the Atlantic. You get to visit countries like India, the Philippines, Aruba and Cuba.

Access to Equipment

You get to use equipment and marine tools that cost several thousands or even millions of dollars. Marine biologists also have access to laboratories and other state-of-the art programs and technologies to further enhance their findings and come up with accurate and reliable results. As a professional, you will be provided with everything you need like uniforms, underwater gear, cameras, etc.

Boosting Knowledge

Depending on the institution you belong to, you also have the privilege of joining exclusive seminars, meetings and summits where you can witness the latest trends and developments in the marine world. You get to see the rarest species on earth and learn more about the history of the world. You get to meet important people in the industry and listen to some of the brightest minds in marine biology. You can also get special education and grants to further your studies and earn your master’s or doctorate degree.

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Marine Biology is a specific area zone in biology which deals with the study of organisms or other natural bodies of the aquatic life. It is often mistakenly misinterpreted as marine ecology; however both the fields are diverse and different from each other. Marine ecology deals with the interactions between the aquatic life and marine biology deals with the aquatic life itself. The subject area for both the fields associated with aquatic life is entirely different from each other.

It is a vast field and categorized into a number of subfields such as psychology and zoology. The job front may include the study of aquatic life including plants, algae, reptiles, mammals, fish and seabirds. Choosing a particular specialization from the group described above is the key to convert you from a simple marine biologist to specialized marine biologist. However the process requires years of study and constant observation but helps a lot in the longer run towards career growth and monetary issues.

The earnings of a marine biologist vary across countries by a large amount. However, they all balance out each other in longer term. Estimates taken from marine professionals have shown that an entry level marine biologist earns close to hourly making a total of ,400 yearly. This entry level is predefined with 4 or more years of college education. As every career path is defined with increased remuneration as experience grows, marine biology is sure to cash out a lot of money after a certain experience level. The mean employee earnings with an experience level of 3-6 years earn more than ,000 yearly or hourly. Extensive experienced marine biologist comprising of the 10-15% of overall marine biologist population earns as much as ,000 yearly, which is very much comparable with the other industry standards.

Choosing a subfield is the most important step in defining your salary package in the longer run. Some of the subfields in marine biology are yet to be discovered and a lot of companies and organization may pay you way much from the industry standards for these subfields. Also some subfields require constant extensive research work and knowledge transfer, so they generate a constant source of wealth for marine biologist. However, the ability to cash out your skills and knowledge is still in your hands and you can use it smartly to obtain an “out of the line” pay package.

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Here are some of the types of setting a biologist can work in.

In research, a biologist will be involved in studying organisms using the latest scientific measuring tools and techniques, whether it is in the laboratory, or out in the field, in order to get the most accurate samples and measurements. Some may work in locations rich with the type of organism they are specialized to study as it would be easier for them to grasp the true nature of the organism in its natural environment. The findings can help us understand biology better, or even make a crucial part of solutions to specific problems.

In health care, the job of a biologist can vary. Some may develop public health campaigns or programs on diseases such as AIDS, cancer, and heart diseases to increase awareness of its dangers to the public. There are also those who might be in the line to prevent or cure deadly diseases or viruses from spreading. Some may also become doctors, nurses, or other health care professionals where they will tend to the general health of patients. As for veterinarians, their job is to treat injured or sick animals.

The area of management and conservation is where biologists come in place to solve environmental problems, while preserving the environment to its natural self so that the future generations may be able to experience it. Biologists can become park rangers, where their duty is to protect and preserve state or national parks and its resources, as well as educate the public regarding the flora and fauna. On the other hand, zoo biologists conduct programs to recover endangered species.

Last but not least is one of the common biology degree jobs – educating. Some of the settings these biologist might relay their knowledge on the biological organism of their expertise in classrooms, research labs, museums, or even parks.

Chris is the writer of this article, you can visit us for more information onBiology Degree Jobs and Biology Salary.

Career opportunities with the Missouri Dept. of Conservation. Check out current job listings: mdc5.mdc.mo.gov Hi my name’s John Vogel and I’m a wildlife biologist for the Missouri Department of Conservation. My primary job duties include managing habitat for all types of wildlife whether it be birds, mammals or reptiles and amphibians. I also work with a lot of people and I’m responsible for making sure that any citizens that come out to use our conservation areas have adequate resources whether they want to hunt, fish, hike, bird watch or view any other types of wildlife. And I like my job because I get to work with people and I also get to spend a lot of time outdoors.
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