The Human Biology in Medical Field

Posts Tagged ‘cancer’

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Retinoblastoma, abbreviated as Rb, is rapidly developing cancer which develops in the cells of retina, the light detecting tissue of the eye. It usually develops in young children, despite such an eye disease would come at any age. Although it is a kind of cancer, Rb has one of the best cure rates of all childhood cancers, with more than nine out of every ten sufferers surviving into adulthood. That is to say, it is treatable, but if not treated, retinoblastoma is fatal. Therefore to have a general knowledge of its symptoms and its diagnosis is necessary.

The most common and obvious sign of Rb is an abnormal appearance of the pupil. And other specific signs can be deterioration of vision, a red and irritated eye and faltering growth or delayed development. Some children with retinoblastoma can develop a squint, commonly referred to as cross eyed or wall eyed.

A red, painful eye poor vision is possible as well.

Rb usually occur in one eye, but the other eyes would be affected. The two forms of the diseases include the genetic and the non-genetic. Children with genetic Rb usually have tumors in both eyes(bilateral), while those with the non-genetic Rb have tumor in only one eye(unilateral). Retinoblastom occurs when a cell of the growing retina develops a mutation in the RB gene, resulting in the cell to grow out of control and become cancerous. The copy of those mutated gene would increase the cancer risk, therefore, to prevent the spread of those altered gene, treatments should be taken. Up to now, the most common ways to cure retinoblastom are listed below:

Treatments of retinoblastoma varies from country to country.

In general, ultrasonography, CT scan, X-rays, MRI, blood tests, spinal tap, bone marrow biopsy and so on so forth are options for its treatment. Which one to choose usually depends on the size and location of the tumor. It the tumor is not large, a laser surgery can be applied, and if the tumor is large that has spread beyond the eye, radiation and chemotherapy are more suitable choices. Chemotherapy, which can be administered locally through a thin catheter that is threaded through the groin through the aorta and the neck into the optic vessels, are for most unilateral cases.

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If you smoke and you are not afraid of tuberculosis, heart problems and even cancer, you have a sense to pay attention to the consequences of addiction more terrifying, especially for young people.

Journalists at a European magazine interviewed the 250 regulars of youth clubs at the age of 16 to 18 years. It turned out that the idea of blindness as a side effect of smoking is appalling in five out of five! Lung cancer and cardiac disease were evaluated by the younger generation as much less terrible risk factors. Nine out of ten respondents said that quit at the first sign of deterioration.

Although more than 20% of young women and 15% of young men are smokers, only 2% of them knew that smoking increased the risk of age-related macular degeneration.

(Macular degeneration – Shtargardta disease, macular degeneration youth or youthful central retinal degeneration – caused by the hereditary disease that begins in the preschool years and gradually progresses to the disappearance of central vision, and slow development of blindness. Patient who complaints of discomfort at the sight of light , photophobia. The patient is best seen at dusk, and not in good light. Schoolchildren already exhibit reduction of central vision, there are loss of central visual fields. The fundus of the eye in the central parts of the exhibit yellow or brown spots. In the later stages in the central parts of the retina is formed hotbed of atrophy, and eventually atrophy of the optic nerve. cure disease is impossible. To maintain the function of prescribers, improves blood supply and nutrition of the retina. The techniques of stimulation of the retina low-energy infrared laser.

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Relationship between smoking and the occurrence of this disease has been fully confirmed yet in 2005. Smokers increases the risk of the disease in half. Those smokers who initially had a genetic predisposition to the disease, increase the risk of developing hundreds of times!

The problem of anti-smoking advertising companies, according to experts, lies in the fact that adolescent smokers feel invulnerable, as the main focus of the advertisements placed on the diseases of smokers middle-aged and older. It is therefore extremely important to draw a clear logical link between smoking and blindness in early adolescence.

Despite the fact that most smokers do not know the half of the possible consequences of smoking, fear of blindness is able to stop them on the way to another pack of cigarettes and force finally quit smoking.

If you smoke and you are not afraid of tuberculosis, heart problems and even cancer, you have a sense to pay attention to the consequences of addiction more terrifying, especially for young people.

Journalists at a European magazine interviewed the 250 regulars of youth clubs at the age of 16 to 18 years. It turned out that the idea of blindness as a side effect of smoking is appalling in five out of five! Lung cancer and cardiac disease were evaluated by the younger generation as much less terrible risk factors. Nine out of ten respondents said that quit at the first sign of deterioration.

Although more than 20% of young women and 15% of young men are smokers, only 2% of them knew that smoking increased the risk of age-related macular degeneration.

(Macular degeneration – Shtargardta disease, macular degeneration youth or youthful central retinal degeneration – caused by the hereditary disease that begins in the preschool years and gradually progresses to the disappearance of central vision, and slow development of blindness. Patient who complaints of discomfort at the sight of light , photophobia. The patient is best seen at dusk, and not in good light. Schoolchildren already exhibit reduction of central vision, there are loss of central visual fields. The fundus of the eye in the central parts of the exhibit yellow or brown spots. In the later stages in the central parts of the retina is formed hotbed of atrophy, and eventually atrophy of the optic nerve. cure disease is impossible. To maintain the function of prescribers, improves blood supply and nutrition of the retina. The techniques of stimulation of the retina low-energy infrared laser.

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Relationship between smoking and the occurrence of this disease has been fully confirmed yet in 2005. Smokers increases the risk of the disease in half. Those smokers who initially had a genetic predisposition to the disease, increase the risk of developing hundreds of times!

The problem of anti-smoking advertising companies, according to experts, lies in the fact that adolescent smokers feel invulnerable, as the main focus of the advertisements placed on the diseases of smokers middle-aged and older. It is therefore extremely important to draw a clear logical link between smoking and blindness in early adolescence.

Despite the fact that most smokers do not know the half of the possible consequences of smoking, fear of blindness is able to stop them on the way to another pack of cigarettes and force finally quit smoking.

People suffering from eye cancer have following eye cancer symptoms:
1. One eye may bulge out
2. Loss of eyesight either partially or completely
3. Eyes become watery and flashes
5. Loss of peripheral vision, that is, cannot see what is to the sides
6. A dark spot on the iris that becomes bigger and eyes may turn red
7. A minor defect on the iris or conjunctiva.

Further as the tumor grows the eye cancer symptoms that are identified are:
1. Displacement of an eye within the socket of the eye
2. Flashing lights, floating spots, distorted vision, changes in the movement of the eyes
3. Blurry vision, decreased or double vision. If the tumor grows further then, it may pass through the retina which causes detachment of the retina. Also there might be a loss of vision.
4. Freckles in the eye, pain in and around the eye, change in the shape of the eye
5. A white or yellow colored glow in the pupil is seen. This is called as .retinoblastoma., which may cause in one eye or both the eyes.

Types of eye cancer and their symptoms

1. Retinoblastoma: Retinoblastoma is a tumor of the retina. This cancer arises from the retina. It usually goes unnoticed in the early stages. The most common retinoblastoma eye cancer symptom is a white reflex behind the eye. It may also cause blurred vision, squint eye, vision becomes poor, eyes pain and becomes red, and eye ball may protrude. The iris might also change its colour to different colours.
2. Ocular Melanoma: This is normally called as the disease of the adults, but people of all age groups might get affected. The common symptoms are vision starts declining; flashes or black spots may be found during examination.
3. Metastatic tumors: Again this may cause decrease in the eyesight and black spots.
4. Intraocular tumors: There are many kinds of these tumors which may develop in the tissues of the eye. They normally affect the functions of the eyesight. 5. Orbital tumors: Orbital tumors are of several other types. They are: Lymphoma, Secondary tumors, tumors of the soft tissues, vascular tumors and lacrimal tumors. The most common symptoms of eye cancer of these include:
bulging forward, displacement of the eyes, forward or backward, pain in the eye and double vision, eyelids droop, loss of vision or distorted vision.
6. Intraocular Melanoma: The following eye cancer symptoms may be caused:
a. A dark spot on the iris and vision becomes blurred or changes.
b. The shape of the pupil changes.
c. Pain in the eye, the eye turns red and nausea may occur if it is affected by glaucoma.
7. Cancers of the eyelids and their symptoms:
a. Eyelids get swollen.
b Ulcers which do not heal.
c. Lid gets thickened and may get infected chronically.
d. Skin of the eyelid seems to appear different every time.
8. Metastatic Choroidal Melanoma: When this type of cancer is found then the eye cancer symptoms normally associated with liver include: abdomen seems to be full, pain in the back and loss of appetite, weight is reduced, difficulty in breathing and weakness.
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Lung growth is the principal instigate of sarcoma deaths in both women and men in the United States and throughout the world. Lung melanoma has surpassed breast plague as the leading motive of sarcoma deaths in women.

In the United States in 2007, 160,390 people were projected to die from lung melanoma, which is more than the number of deaths from colorectal, breast, and prostrate plague mutual.

Only about 2% of those diagnosed with lung canker that has swell to other areas of the body are breathing five existence after the diagnosis, while the survival tariff for lung cancers diagnosed at a very early point are senior, with about 49% ongoing for five years or longer.

Some lung tumors are metastatic from cancers elsewhere in the body. The lungs are a customary site for metastasis. If this is the instance, the plague is not considered to be lung disease. For example, if prostrate lump spreads via the bloodstream to the lungs, it is metastatic prostrate scourge (a derived plague) in the lung and is not called lung disease.

Cancer occurs when customary cells undergo a transformation that causes them to grow and multiply lacking the habitual reins. The cells form a crowd or growth that differs with the surrounding tissues from which it arises. Tumors are hazardous because they take oxygen, nutrients, and distance from wholesome cells.

About 90% of lung cancers surface due to tobacco use. Cigarette smoking is the most important grounds of lung growth. Research as far back as the 1950s evidently established this relationship. Cigarette smoked contains more than 4,000 chemicals, many of which have been identified as causing sarcoma. A role who smokes more than one backpack of cigarettes per day has an imperil of developing lung disease 20-25 time greater than somebody who has never smoked.

However, Once a person quits smoking, his or her endanger for lung disease regularly decreases. About 15 years after quitting, the expose for lung pest decreases to the equal of someone who never smoked. Cigar and channel smoking also increases the endanger of lung scourge but not as much as smoking cigarettes. Most lung tumors are spiteful. This means that they invade and end the strong tissues around them and can widen throughout the body.

The tumors can also range to adjoining lymph nodes or through the bloodstream to other organs. This means is called metastasis. When lung melanoma metastasizes, the lump in the lung is called the major lump, and the tumors in other parts of the body are called minor tumors or metastatic tumors.

Adenocarcinoma (a NSCLC) is the most regular variety of lung sarcoma, making up 30%-40% of all luggage. A subtype of adenocarcinoma is called bronchoalveolar cubicle carcinoma, which creates a pneumonia-like appearance on chest x-emission. Squamous unit carcinoma (a NSCLC) is the support most normal print of lung scourge, making up about 30% of all lung cancers. Large section melanoma (another NSCLC) makes up 10% of all suitcases. SCLC makes up 20% of all suitcases. And lastly, Carcinoid tumors account for only 1% of all gear.

Lung cancers are regularly alienated into two highest groups that account for about 95% of all cases. The gulf into groups is based on the style of cells that make up the blight. About 5% of lung cancers are of bloody group types, including carcinoid growth, lymphoma, and others.

The two focal types of the booth characterized lung canker mass of the tumor when viewed under the microscope. They are called small faction lung growth (SCLC) and non-small cell lung blight (NSCLC). NSCLC includes several subtypes of tumors. SCLCs are excluding communal, but they grow more swiftly and are more possible to metastasize than NSCLCs. Often, SCLCs have already range to other parts of the body when the canker is diagnosed.

Up to one-fourth of all people with lung scourge may have no symptoms when the menace is diagnosed. These cancers mostly are identified incidentally when a chest x-ray is performed for another reason. The adulthood of people, however, acquire symptoms. The symptoms are dues to tell things of the major tumor, to things of metastatic tumors in other parts of the body, or to disturbances of hormones, blood, or other systems caused by the plague.

Symptoms of prime lung cancers compose cough, coughing up blood, chest bind, and dumpiness of breath. Symptoms of metastatic lung tumors depend on the position and mass. About 30%-40% of people with lung bane have some symptoms or cipher of metastatic disease.

A cough that does not go away or gets inferior over time should be evaluated by a vigor-attention source. Also, Coughing up blood (hemoptysis) occurs in a significant number of people who have lung blight. Any total of coughed-up blood is start for disturb. Chest hurt is a symptom in about one-fourth of people with lung melanoma. The bind is dull, aching, and persistent and may concern other structures surrounding the lung.

Additionally, tininess of breath typically fallout from an obstacle to the flow of air in part of the lung, collection of fluid around the lung (pleural effusion), or the spread of tumor throughout the lungs. Wheezing or hoarseness may gesture blockage or inflammation in the lungs that may go along with bane. Finally, Repeated respiratory infections, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, can be a show of lung cancer.

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Cancer of the gall bladder is a very uncommon condition. Gall bladder cancer, also called carcinoma of the gall bladder. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped limb underneath the liver that collects and stores bile (a fluid made by the liver to digest fat). Gallbladder cancer starts in the intimate layer of tissue and spreads through the outer layers as it cultivates. Gall bladder cancer tends to spread to nearby organs and tissues such as the liver or small intestine. It also extends through the lymph system to lymph nodes in the region of the liver (porta hepatis). Gallbladder cancer is most frequently seen in older patients, with a median age at diagnosis of 62-66 years.

It arises more often in women’s. Gallbladder cancer is the fifth most common GI cancer in the United States. Gall bladder cancer is very rare affecting only 7,100 people in the United States per year. Gallbladder cancer infrequently produces premature signs and symptoms. When symptoms do seen, they often look like those of other, more common, gallbladder problems such as gallstones or infection. The bulk of these cancers are “adenocarcinomas”, with subtypes such as papillary, nodular, and tubular, depending on the appearance of the tumor cells under the microscope.

Less common subtypes comprise: squamous cell, signet ring cell, and adenosquamous (adenoacanthoma). Gallbladder cancer symptoms consist of jaundice and fever. Most gall bladder cancers are only revealed when they have reached fairly a late stage. They can reason a diversity of symptoms, including sickness and high temperatures, and sudden pain (which may come and go) in the upper right-hand side of the abdomen. The abdomen is the cavity containing several organs including the stomach, gall bladder and liver. Treatment may also depend on the age and general health of the patient and whether the cancer is causing symptoms.

Surgery is a common treatment for cancer of the gallbladder if it has not broadened to surrounding tissues. Laparoscopy is frequently used to eliminate the gallbladder as a treatment for gallstones or chronic irritation of the gallbladder. This operation is called a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Chemotherapy employs drugs to destroy cancer cells. Radiation therapy utilizes high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells and minimize tumors. Radiation for gallbladder cancer generally comes from a machine outside the body (external beam radiation therapy). Radiation may be used alone or in addition to surgery.

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Cancer

Cancer is abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells in human body. The cells divide at a very faster rate and even rupture to infect other tissues. They may travel in the blood stream or the lymph fluid. There are close to 100 different types of cancer. They are named after the organ they infect or originate from. Broadly cancer can be categorized as

1.       Carcinoma

2.       Sarcoma

3.       Leukemia

4.       Lymphoma and Myeloma

5.       Central Nervous System (CNS) Cancer

Carcinoma is a cancer that begins in skin and the tissues lining internal organs. Sarcoma is cancer of the bones, cartilages, blood vessels or muscle. Leukemia is blood cancer and CNS cancer is the cancer of brain and spinal cord. Other common types of cancers are bladder cancer, breast cancer, colon and rectal cancer, endometrial cancer, renal cell cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and thyroid cancer. Cancer can be detected by strange growth of body tissues, biopsy and other tests.

Stages in Cancer

All forms of Cancer start at the cellular level. In a normal body, whenever there is a damaged cell, it is discarded by the body. Cancer damages the genetic composition of a cell and alters the DNA coding. Once the DNA of a cell is changed by a carcinogen, the cells do not die and such cells accumulate to form a callus of dead cells called tumor. There are 2 types of tumors

1.       Benign tumor

2.       Malignant tumor

Benign tumors can be treated by surgically treating them by removal and they do not spread over to other parts of the body. However, if benign tumor starts spreading, they are termed malignant and they also infest the neighbor organs and cells. Malignant tumors are cancerous and their spreading to other organs is termed as metastasis.

Causes of Cancer

Cancer causing agents are called carcinogens. Smoking, tobacco, inheritance, exposure to radioactive substances, exposure to UV Radiations, unsafe sex, lack of physical activity, blood transfusion and environmental factors are the major causes of different forms of cancer.

1.       Smoking is responsible for one-third of all cancer fatalities. Almost all cases of lung cancer can be associated to smoking. Smoking Is also known to cause kidney, cervical and stomach cancer.

2.       Chewing tobacco causes oral cancer. Like smoking it may also triggers cancerous activity in kidney, cervical and stomach. It is also known to cause acute myeloid leukemia.

3.       If you have a family history of cancer then it is very likely that you have inherited a mutant gene. It stays in passive mode in most of the cases and in such cases you need to be extra cautious

4.       People who work at nuclear plant bear a great risk of gene mutation and this may cause various cancers.

5.       Exposure to UV Rays from sun is known to cause skin cancer.

6.       Unsafe sex causes infection by human papillioma virus or HPV. HPV increases the risk of cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancer.

7.       Exercising regularly helps fight obesity which is known to cause prostate, colon, breast, endometrial and lung cancer.

8.       If the blood donor has any form of cancer, he greatly has the chances of transferring cancerous cells through his blood to the recipient.

9.       Environmental factors like asbestos dust, exposure to benzene, gasoline or various pollutants is also known to causes cancers.

Treatment

Cancer can be treated by the following methods:

1.       Chemotherapy includes killing of micro- organisms, mutant and cancerous cells by exposure to chemicals

2.       Radio therapy or radiation therapy is used to treat certain forms of cancer by exposing the affected area or organ to ionized radiations

3.       The affected region or organ can also be surgically removed to remove and discard the cancerous cells and preventing them from spreading further

4.       Other treatment may include angiogenesis inhibitors therapy by cutting out blood supply to tumors, biological therapy, bone marrow transplant, peripheral blood stem cell transplant, gene therapy and targeted cancer therapies

Cancer is long-term disease that is lethal and can cost people’s lives. There are various types of cancer, some of them can be tackled, and the rest are incurable. Various types of cancer are diagnosed every year however they are so active that they attack different parts of a body. Though there are people suffering from various types of cancer, Adenocarcinoma is one of the common colon cancer found in most of the people. Each cancer has its own way of attacking the body parts and leave different types of symptoms. Cancer can be severe and unbearable in some cases which give people agonizing life. Cancer is basically a disease that brings several health related problems. The most common of all are skin cancer which can be simple and complex both during its course. The lists of cancer are brain cancer, eye cancer, throat cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, kidney cancer, thyroid cancer, etc. However cancer can be controlled with medications but cannot be cured completely.

Cancer has the power to affect different parts of the organ and it develops within the cell and affects the neighboring cells and tissues.  This leads to spreading of cancer to all parts of the body. During Leukemia the cancer cells comes out from the affected area and gets into blood stream due to which the blood in a body gets affected and causes blood cancer. The process where cancer cells enter the blood stream and infecting blood is called metastasis. The cancer that originates on blood cells can later affect the bone marrow and hence causing bone cancer.

Breast cancer is common in women and more than three million women are suffering from this disease. If this disease is not diagnosed properly than the breast needs to be removed in order to avoid spreading of this disease in different parts of the body.

Gastrointestinal cancer is the worst types of cancer that affect from esophagus to the end at anus. Here different parts of the organ are affected so they have different symptoms and different way of treatment. Endocrine cancer is a different kind of cancer that is responsible for hormonal activity which affects the internal part of the body.  Endocrine cancer includes thyroid cancer which is the most common one in this category.

Eye cancer is another type of cancer that affects the retina of an eye and cause blindness. This cancer can affect both children and adults.

Head and neck cancer is the worst cancer at worst place. This cancer attacks mouth, throat and nose which could be quit irritating and gives uneasy feelings. This is mostly generated by cigarette smoking.  Lung cancer and respiratory cancer are also the impact of cigarette smoking.

The most common and the irritating cancer of all are skin cancer. This usually happen due to Ultra violet rays from the sun.

There are plenty of medications available for different types of cancer however some cancer are deadly and cannot be treated.

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Bladder Cancer Treatment In India

Overview

Q. What is bladder cancer ?

The bladder is located in the pelvis. It collects and stores urine and has a muscular wall that allows it to contract and expand. About 90 percent of bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma account for most of the rest. Treatment options vary depending on the type of bladder case.

 
Cancer that is only in the bladder lining is called non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). This type of cancer is sometimes called superficial bladder cancer. More than 75 percent of bladder cancer is diagnosed as a NMIBC and it has an excellent survival rate…

Symptoms

Generally the first sign is blood in the urine. It may be visible or the amount may be so small that it can only be discovered by chemical testing (‘stix’ test).
There does not need to be blood in the urine constantly. In fact, there are often periods in which there is no evidence of blood at all. So one should not be fooled by a symptom that seems to have gone away. There may be frequent urination, stinging and pain across the pubic bone or exactly the same symptoms as in an ordinary bladder infection…

Types of bladder cancer

Transitional cell bladder cancer (TCC) is the most common type of bladder cancer. Nearly all cancers of the bladder start in the layer of cells (transitional cells) which form the lining of the bladder (transitional epithelium). These cancers are called transitional cell or urothelial cell cancers.

Bladder cancer may appear as a tumour which has grown into the muscle wall of the bladder. This is known as invasive bladder cancer…

Staging

The stage of a cancer describes its size and whether it has spread beyond its original site. Knowing the particular type and the stage of the cancer helps the doctors to decide on the most appropriate treatment.

Cancer can spread in the body, either in the bloodstream or through the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is part of the body’s defence against infection and disease…

There are four stages to cancer of the gall bladder : -

The cancer affects only the wall of the gall bladder. Approximately 1 in 4 cancers are at this stage when they are diagnosed. The cancer has spread through the full thickness of the wall of the gall bladder, but has not spread to nearby lymph nodes or adjacent organs. The cancer has spread to lymph nodes close to the gall bladder or has spread to the liver, stomach, colon or the small bowel. The cancer has spread very deeply into two or more organs close to the gall bladder or has spread to distant lymph nodes or organs such as the liver or lungs. This is known as metastatic or secondary cancer…

Treatment

The type of treatment you are given will depend on a number of factors, including your general health, the position and size of the cancer in the gall bladder and whether the cancer has spread to other areas of the body…

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Bladder cancer surgery in India refers to any of several types of malignant growths of the urinary bladder. It is a disease in which abnormal cells multiply without control in the bladder. The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that stores urine; it is located in the pelvis. The most common type of bladder cancer begins in cells lining the inside of the bladder and is called transitional cell carcinoma (sometimes urothelial cell carcinoma). Bladder cancer characteristically causes blood in the urine; this may be visible to the naked eye (frank hematuria) or detectable only by microscope (microscopic hematuria). Other possible symptoms include pain during urination, frequent urination (Polyuria) or feeling the need to urinate without results. These signs and symptoms are not specific to bladder cancer, and are also caused by non-cancerous conditions, including prostate infections and cystitis. Kidney cancer also can cause hematuria. Tobacco smoking is the main known cause of urinary bladder cancer: in most populations, smoking causes over half of bladder cancer cases in men and a sizeable proportion in women. There is a linear relationship between smoking and risk, and quitting smoking reduces the risk.In a 10-year study involving almost 48,000 men, researchers found that men who drank 1.5L of water a day had a significantly reduced incidence of bladder cancer when compared with men who drank less than 240mL (around 1 cup) per day. The authors proposed that bladder cancer might partly be caused by the bladder directly contacting carcinogens that are excreted in urine. It is postulated, therefore, that by drinking higher quantities of water, urine is more dilute, thereby reducing the chance of disease.

Diagnosis and Treatment:

The gold standard for diagnosing bladder cancer is biopsy obtained during cystoscopy. Sometimes it is an incidental finding during cystoscopy. Urine cytology can be obtained in voided urine or at the time of the cystoscopy (“bladder washing”). Cytology is very specific (a positive result is highly indicative of bladder cancer) but suffers from low sensitivity (a negative result does not exclude the diagnosis of cancer). There are newer urine bound markers for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. These markers are more sensitive but not as specific as urine cytology. They are much more expensive as well. Many patients with a history, signs, and symptoms suspicious for bladder cancer are referred to a urologist or other physician trained in cystoscopy, a procedure in which a flexible tube bearing a camera and various instruments is introduced into the bladder through the urethra. Suspicious lesions may be biopsied and sent for pathologic analysis. The treatment of bladder cancer depends on how deep the tumor invades into the bladder wall. Superficial tumors (those not entering the muscle layer) can be “shaved off” using an electrocautery device attached to a cystoscope. Immunotherapy in the form of BCG instillation is also used to treat and prevent the recurrence of superficial tumors. BCG immunotherapy is effective in up to 2/3 of the cases at this stage. Instillations of chemotherapy, such as valrubicin (Valstar) into the bladder can also be used to treat BCG-refractory CIS disease when cystectomy is not an option.

Untreated, superficial tumors may gradually begin to infiltrate the muscular wall of the bladder. Tumors that infiltrate the bladder require more radical surgery where part or all of the bladder is removed (a cystectomy) and the urinary stream is diverted. In some cases, skilled surgeons can create a substitute bladder (a neobladder) from a segment of intestinal tissue, but this largely depends upon patient preference, age of patient, renal function, and the site of the disease.

A combination of radiation and chemotherapy can also be used to treat invasive disease. It has not yet been determined how the effectiveness of this form of treatment compares to that of radical ablative surgery.

There is weak observational evidence from one very small study (84) to suggest that the concurrent use of statins is associated with failure of BCG immunotherapy.

The hemocyanin found in Concholepas concholepas blood has immunotherapeutic effects against bladder and prostate cancer. In a research made in 2006 mice were primed with C. concholepas before implantation of bladder tumor (MBT-2) cells. Mice treated with C. concholepas showed a significant antitumor effect as well. The effects included prolonged survival, decreased tumor growth and incidence and lack of toxic effects.

Follow up care:

Follow-up cancer care involves regular medical checkups that include a review of a patient’s medical history and a physical exam. Follow-up care may include imaging procedures (methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body), endoscopy (the use of a thin, lighted tube to examine the inside of the body), blood work, and other lab tests.

Follow-up care is important because it helps to identify changes in health. The purpose of follow-up care is to check for recurrence (the return of cancer in the primary site) or metastasis (the spread of cancer to another part of the body). Follow-up care visits are also important to help in the prevention or early detection of other types of cancer, address ongoing problems due to cancer or its treatment, and check for physical and psychosocial effects that may develop months to years after treatment ends. All cancer survivors should have follow-up care.

When planning a follow-up care schedule, patients should consider who will provide the follow-up care and who will provide other medical care. They should select a doctor with whom they feel comfortable. This may be the same doctor who provided the person’s cancer treatment. For other medical care, people should continue to see a family doctor or medical specialist as needed.Some people might not have a choice in who provides their follow-up care, because some insurance plans pay for follow-up care only with certain doctors and for a set number of visits. In planning follow-up care, patients may want to check their health insurance plan to see what restrictions, if any, apply to them. For further details on the Affordable cost Bladder Cancer surgery in India feel free to visit us at www.indiacancersurgerysite.com  or mail your queries at info@indiacancersurgerysite.com or talk to us international callers, at  +91 9579034639

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