The Human Biology in Medical Field

by massdistraction

Within gasoline water heaters, residue rests at the burner plate within the boiler; the burner plate sits right away over the flame under the container. Sediment at the burner plate inhibits the transmission of heat to the water, so it takes longer just to heat up identical amount of water. Residue additionally traps the heat underneath it that may cause the wineglass lining. The metal along at the bottom of the burner plate could warp due to the surplus heat. Either these factors may end up in leaks.

Within electric powered water heaters, sediment be able to cover the minor heating system element, which causes a significant decrease for the volume of warm water the water warmer can create. An additional downside related to sediment build-up is bacterial improvement inside the tank. The bacterias in water heaters are usually not the common illness bacteria.

A bit micro organism hassle in water heater systems cause a corrosion of the water heater tank lining due to oxygenation. The residue rest itself, mixed using the additional bacteria hassle, causes critical injury to water heater.

The rotten-eggs or sulfur odor nearly a water heater system is an indication of bacteria hassle. This odor is not going to be confused by that of a possible natural fuel leak in gasoline water heaters, which might hold the same smell. Any concerns is vital; they need to be restoreed immediately. A way to brake residue accumulation is to make use of a softening agent, even if this technique does scale down the lifetime of the anode rod (notice Anode Rods). Another way is to regulate the temperature and pressure of a water.

Both high temperatures and high pressures cause sediment to grow within the container faster. Sediment raises speedy in temps of 140° F or larger. The optimal hotness for water heater system is 130° F. In this warmth, residue rest slows, but the water is still hot enough to exterminate harmful, disease micro organism.

by Guy72125

Many who are bothered by the scars left from acne breakouts have turned to a Retin A acne scars treatment for help, citing a lot of positive reviews about what the treatment can do for those with such blemishes. However, it is only natural to remain skeptical about treatments such as Retin A. Can the product really provide results for diminishing the appearance of acne scars? Is it advisable for those who want to see improvements in that area?

What You Need To Know

All indications are that Retin A does provide wonderful results with acne scarring. Generally, people seem to start seeing results within a couple of weeks from when they start using the product, which shows how effective a Retin A treatment program can be.

The product itself is a topical treatment that you apply to your skin, and which speeds the exfoliation process while increasing collagen levels, helping to improve the overall quality of your skin.

This can help in particular with more shallow acne scars that are near the surface.

However, deeper acne scars may not see the same kind of results from Retin A treatments. That is the main drawback of the product, as surgical procedures performed by dermatologists are still the best course of action for “icepick” scars and other deep types of scars.

Also, there are guidelines for usage of the product that should be followed. First of all, you should resist the temptation to use the process excessively or more than what is recommended in an attempt to get faster results. In practice, this kind of decision will only lead to skin problems and possible side effects, so you should use the product only as directed! Also, you should avoid sun exposure when using it, unless you are using sunscreen to protect yourself.

Pregnant women also should not use Retin A, because of a possible risk of birth defects.

When used correctly and for the right types of scars, Retin A can be very helpful. A Retin A acne scars treatment is a great way to not only diminish shallow acne scars, but also to promote healthier skin and make yourself look younger and healthier. As long as you use the product as directed, you will be very happy with the results that you get, just as the many who have already used the product successful have been.

by massdistraction

Detached carports really aren’t just for people who can’t afford, or don’t have, a garage. They aren’t just cheap substitutes at all. In fact, these useful structures are for anyone who needs to protect or shelter something outside. Obviously, they are meant to be separate from any other building. This makes them a great option because of their portability, affordability, and durability. Let’s take a look at the three types of carports for your considerations.

First, the portable detached carports. These suit many people’s needs because of their light weight portability and available configurations. A popular choice is the enclosed canopy type carport that allows whatever is stored inside to be entirely protected from the elements and from prying eyes. If you want to completely enclose a car, boat, rv, or other item, this is a good option. Most of these come with a steel frame and side walls where at least one end is zippered.

You can find a nice 10 x 20 sized carport in this category for under 0 bucks.

Portable detached carports also come in a popular dome canopy style. These are also usually constructed with steel frames, and have heavy duty covers that open on at least one end. Most common is a door that rolls up. These are ideal for boat, lawn and garden equipment, and car storage.

Second, are detached carports that fall into more of a canopy class. These tend to be cheaper both in price, configuration, and materials. While these can certainly be used to park a car under, they really amount to a fancy sun shade. Most don’t come with sides, but are nevertheless adequate for some overhead protection. One of my personal favorite in this category is the Universal canopy made by King Canopy.

This unit measures 12 x 20, and is about a foot taller than most other standard canopies. The cover itself is a white polyethylene that is UV treated. There are leg clips and drawstrings to help keep the cover tight overhead on the frame.

The third and final type of detached carports are the metal ones. The obvious pro to these are their inherent durability and rigidness. These tend to be open sided and pretty high in quality. Rhino, for example, makes detached carports in a variety of sizes. They have single as well as double sized units. These are both made out of heavy duty steel and range in price from approximately 0 for a 7′ x 10′ x 6′ on up to about ,000 for a 22′ x 24′ x 12′ two car unit. Installation of these units is pretty straight forward. They come with a pre drilled frame assembly that is made out of a powder coated, heavy steel tubing. The roofing metal is pretty simple to install as well with self-drilling screws. These carports can also be anchored to the ground. The quality of this type makes for a long-lasting structure that will give years and years of protection for your valuables.

So there you have it, 3 types of detached carports for your consideration. Portable, functional, and durable. Whatever your needs, you are sure to find a style and quality that you need. Protecting your valuable vehicles from the sun is always a good idea.

Find More Vitreous Detachment Articles

by clumsy_jim

Article by hi joiney

CausesDiplopia has a diverse range of neoplastic, ophthalmologic, infectious, autoimmune, neurological, and neoplastic causes.[citation needed]TraumaMultiple sclerosisBotulismGuillain-Barr syndromeBrain tumorSinusitisAbscessWernicke’s syndromeGraves diseaseOrbital myositisMyasthenia gravis Binocular diplopiaBinocular diplopia is double vision arising as a result of the misalignment of the two eyes relative to each other, such as occurs in esotropia or exotropia. In such a case while the fovea of one eye is directed at the object of regard, the fovea of the other is directed elsewhere, and the image of the object of regard falls on an extra-foveal area of retina.The brain calculates the ‘visual direction’ of an object based upon the position of its image relative to the fovea. Images falling on the fovea are seen as being directly ahead, while those falling on retina outside the fovea may be seen as above, below, right or left of straight ahead depending upon the area of retina stimulated. Thus, when the eyes are misaligned, the brain will perceive two images of one target object, as the target object simultaneously stimulates different, non-corresponding, retinal areas in either eye, thus producing double vision.This correlation of particular areas of the retina in one eye with the same areas in the other is known as retinal correspondence. This relationship also gives rise to an associated phenomenon of binocular diplopia, although one that is rarely noted by those experiencing diplopia: Because the fovea of one eye corresponds to the fovea of the other, images falling on the two foveas are ‘projected’ to the same point in space. Thus, when the eyes are misaligned, the brain will ‘project’ two different images in the same visual direction. This phenomenon is known as ‘Confusion’.Double vision is dangerous to survival, therefore, the brain naturally guards against its occurrence. In an attempt to avoid double vision, the brain can sometimes ignore the image from one eye; a process known as suppression. The ability to suppress is to be found particularly in childhood when the brain is still developing. Thus, those with childhood strabismus almost never complain of diplopia while adults who develop strabismus almost always do. While this ability to suppress might seem a wholly positive adaptation to strabismus, in the developing child this can prevent the proper development of vision in the affected eye resulting in amblyopia. Some adults are also able to suppress their diplopia, but their suppression is rarely as deep or as effective and takes longer to establish. They are not at risk of permanently damaging their vision as a result though. It can appear sometimes, therefore, that diplopia disappears without medical intervention. However, in some cases the cause of the double vision may still be present. Monocular diplopiaMore rarely, diplopia can also occur when viewing with only one eye; this is called monocular diplopia, or, where the patient perceives more than two images, monocular polyopia. In this case, the differential diagnosis of multiple image perception includes the consideration of such conditions as corneal surface keratoconus, a structural defect within the eye, a lesion in the anterior visual cortex (rarely cause diplopia, more commonly polyopia or palinopsia) or non-organic conditions. Also, sub-luxation of the lens. Temporary diplopiaTemporary diplopia can be caused by intoxication from alcohol or head injuries, such as concussion. If temporary double vision does not resolve quickly, one should see an ophthalmologist immediately. It can also be a side effect of the anti-epileptic drugs Phenytoin and Zonisamide, and the anti-convulsant drug Lamotrigine, as well as the hypnotic drug Zolpidem and the dissociative drugs Ketamine and Dextromethorphan. Temporary diplopia can also be caused by tired and/or strained eye muscles, or by one crossing their own eyes at will. If diplopia appears with other symptoms such as fatigue and acute or chronic pain, the patient should see a doctor immediately. Treatment for binocular diplopiaThe appropriate treatment for binocular diplopia will depend upon the cause of the condition producing the symptoms. Efforts must first be made to identify and treat the underlying cause of the problem. Treatment options include prism lenses, vision therapy, surgery, and botulinum toxin. On occasions, in certain conditions such as the oculomotor nerve palsy for example, it may be necessary to occlude one eye either temporarily or permanently. Daily wear of prism lenses is a passive compensatory treatment. Vision therapy is an active treatment which retrains the visual and vestibular systems (brain, eye muscles, and body). Vision therapy may eliminate the need for daily wear of prism lenses but is only suitable for a minority of those with diplopic symptoms. Voluntary diplopiaSome people are able to consciously uncouple their eyes, inducing double vision on purpose. These people do not consider their double vision dangerous or harmful, and may even consider it enjoyable. It makes viewing stereograms possible. It is a skill actively developed by pilots of Apache helicopters. See alsoAmblyopiaBinocular visionOrthopticsStrabismusVision therapy References^ http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec09/ch098/ch098e.html^  Cassin, B. & Solomon, S. (1990) Dictionary of Eye Terminology. Gainesville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company External linksCommon Cause of Double VisionAll About Double VisionInternational Orthoptic AssociationAll About Lazy EyeFAQ — Eye Muscle Surgery InformationBrain Injuries and Double VisionSome more info about diplopiaAddtl info about diplopiaWhat is Stereovision?What is Vision Therapy?VisionSimulations.com | What the world looks like to people with various diseases and conditions of the eyeGPnotebookv  d  eEye disease  pathology of the eye (H00-H59, 360-379)Adnexaeyelid: inflammation (Stye, Chalazion, Blepharitis)  Entropion  Ectropion  Lagophthalmos  Blepharochalasis  Ptosis  Blepharophimosis  Xanthelasma  eyelash (Trichiasis, Madarosis)lacrimal system: Dacryoadenitis  Epiphora  Dacryocystitis  Xerophthalmiaorbit: Exophthalmos  Enophthalmos  Orbital cellulitisconjunctiva: Conjunctivitis (Allergic conjunctivitis)  Pterygium  Pinguecula  Subconjunctival hemorrhageGlobeFibrous tunicsclera: Scleritiscornea: Keratitis (Herpetic keratitis, Acanthamoeba keratitis, Fungal keratitis)  Corneal ulcer  Snow blindness  Thygeson’s superficial punctate keratopathy  Corneal dystrophy (Fuchs’, Meesmann)  Keratoconus  Keratoconjunctivitis sicca  Arc eye  Keratoconjunctivitis  Corneal neovascularization   Kayser-Fleischer ring  Arcus senilis  Band keratopathyVascular tunicIris and ciliary bodyIritis  Uveitis (Intermediate uveitis)  Iridocyclitis  Hyphema  Rubeosis iridis  Persistent pupillary membrane  Iridodialysis  SynechiaChoroidChoroideremia  Choroiditis (Chorioretinitis)LensCataract  Aphakia  Ectopia lentisRetinaRetinitis (Chorioretinitis, Cytomegalovirus retinitis)  Retinal detachment  Retinoschisis  Ocular ischemic syndrome/Central retinal vein occlusion  Retinopathy (Bietti’s crystalline dystrophy, Coats disease, Diabetic retinopathy, Hypertensive retinopathy, Retinopathy of prematurity)  Macular degeneration  Retinitis pigmentosa  Retinal haemorrhage  Central serous retinopathy  Macular edema  Epiretinal membrane  Macular pucker  Vitelliform macular dystrophy  Leber’s congenital amaurosis  Birdshot chorioretinopathyOtherGlaucoma/Ocular hypertension  Floater  Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy  Red eye  Keratomycosis  Phthisis bulbiPathwaysOptic nerve andvisual pathwaysOptic neuritis  Papilledema  Optic atrophy  Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy  Dominant optic atrophy  Optic disc drusen  Glaucoma  Toxic and nutritional optic neuropathy  Anterior ischemic optic neuropathyOcular muscles,binocular movement,accommodationand refractionParalytic strabismus: Ophthalmoparesis  Progressive external ophthalmoplegia  Palsy (III, IV, VI)  Kearns-Sayre syndromeOther strabismus: Esotropia/Exotropia  Hypertropia  Heterophoria (Esophoria, Exophoria)  Brown’s syndrome  Duane syndromeOther binocular: Conjugate gaze palsy  Convergence insufficiency  Internuclear ophthalmoplegia  One and a half syndromeRefractive error: Hyperopia/Myopia  Astigmatism  Anisometropia/Aniseikonia  PresbyopiaVisual disturbancesand blindnessAmblyopia  Leber’s congenital amaurosis   Subjective (Asthenopia, Hemeralopia, Photophobia, Scintillating scotoma)  Diplopia  Scotoma  Anopsia (Binasal hemianopsia, Bitemporal hemianopsia, Homonymous hemianopsia, Quadrantanopia)  Color blindness (Achromatopsia, Dichromacy, Monochromacy)  Nyctalopia (Oguchi disease)  Blindness/Low visionPupilAnisocoria  Argyll Robertson pupil  Marcus Gunn pupil  Adie syndrome  Miosis  Mydriasis  CycloplegiaOtherNystagmusEye infectionsTrachoma  Onchocerciasiseye navs: anat/adnexa anat/pathways/physio/dev, noncongen/congen/neoplasia, eponymous signs, proc Categories: Visual disturbances and blindness | Symptoms | VisionHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from February 2010 | All articles needing additional references | Articles needing cleanup from February 2010 | All pages needing cleanup | Wikipedia introduction cleanup from February 2010 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010

Article by Erin

If the ophthalmologist doesn’t see floaters, take a look at the 368.1x series.

A patient reports flashes & floaters; however the ophthalmologist doesn’t find evidence of retinal pathology on routine ophthalmoscopy. Considering this, are we justified in billing for extended ophthalmoscopy (EO)?Answer: If the ophthalmoscopy is a routine part of a patient’s eye exam, you should not bill for it separately. But then complaints of flashers and floaters are always grave and must be evaluated watchfully. Many a time these symptoms will justify extended ophthalmoscopy (92225, Ophthalmoscopy, extended, with retinal drawing example, for retinal detachment, melanoma], with interpretation and report; initial).To report a Goldmann-3 exam (examining the retina with a three-mirror goniolens) go for 92225. Remember to provide your formal interpretation and report the findings in the patient’s medical record. In many instances in which flashers and floaters are present, extended ophthalmoscopy (EO) combined with a retinal exam shows vitreous degeneration or posterior vitreous detachment (379.21, Vitreous degeneration). If an ophthalmologist doesn’t see anything in the routine ophthalmoscopy, he’ll most likely not do an EO. In the unlikely event that the ophthalmologist does not find any important problem with the retina after the EO, link 92225 to 379.24. ‘Vitreous floaters’ appears in a note under that code in the ICD-9 manual. If the ophthalmologist doesn’t see floaters, take a look at the 368.1x series.However: If the ophthalmologist cannot see anything more with an EO than he can see with a routine ophthalmoscopy, defending the use of the EO may be tough. Some experts recommend not billing for an EO unless there’s some abnormality of the retina or vitreous to draw in the report. For more on this and for other specialty-specific articles to assist your ophthalmology coding, sign up for a good medical coding resource like Coding Institute.

This B-scan demonstrates a partial PVD. A posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) may occur in a normal aging eye or may be associated with pathology such as vitreous hemorrhage or inflammation. In a normal eye, as in this example, the PVD appears as a thin and smooth line (arrow) on B-scan. When the globe is moved voluntarily by the patient, real time echography demonstrates a quick jerky motion of the sheet-like echo with movements continuing after the globe movement has ceased. This is helpful in differentiating a PVD from a retinal detachment, which typically has a slower undulating pattern of motion. If there was presence of blood or inflammatory debris associated with the PVD, the echogenic line might appear thicker, especially in the most gravity dependent portions of the globe (ie, posterior and inferior).

Animals, lovers, customers, all have one thing in common – more you chase them further they will run from you. Have you ever wondered why all your flights are on time but the one that you want to catch desperately, go home early and you are hoping it is exact on time, invariably it is late! Sometimes, when you meet a cute girl at a party and exchange numbers, you sit besides the phone all day next day but she does not call. The moment you start your day at work, she will call!

Whenever we are desperately involved – emotionally attached to a transaction or a happening, we obstruct it. It is said that whenever you are desperate for something to happen – husband to quit smoking, boss to promote you, a guy to like you etc, you are pushing them away because of your desperation and creating an energy around you which is pushing the desired outcome away from you.

You need to positive without being too attached to a cause or a situation or else you will push it away

If you become too possessive and over attached to your spouse, spouse will feel claustrophobic in the relationship and she will start going away from you. There is a fine line between detachment and attachment. Too much of attachment might hamper your growth and happiness! Detachment is not disinterest. It is possible to be detached and still be very determined. People who are detached and determined know that effort and excellence are ultimately rewarded. Let us say you apply for a job in a well known company, get very attached to the whole situation but ultimately do not bag the job.

Chances are you will go into an emotional turmoil and spoil your future chances also. Instead, do not be so detached that it spells death for you! Be concern, be determined to bag the job next time and work hard towards it.

It is thus imperative for us to be attached on a minimal level. This does not discount passion or love for somebody or something. Just, too much of it bogs down the other person. In the process of too much of attachment, you do not just spoil your own emotional quotient but also of the other person.

Maintain a fine balance between determination, attachment and detachment. Do not run after something. Make necessary efforts to procure it but do not be obsessed with it. Negative energies will keep pushing it away from you. Make efforts, yield will be positive!

by massdistraction

When building a detached garage for your home there are a few simple guidelines you need to follow. The first is to have a solid plan. That is the most important part of any garage construction project. Start by having an idea of what your goals for building a detached garage are. Is your garage going to be for personal use? Are you just going to use it for storage, or are you going to be doing actual mechanical work? Are you building a garage apartment? Once you have these questions answered you can truly dive into what it is going to take in building a detached garage.

Planning Your Garage

The first thing you need to figure out is how much space you want for your garage. Is it going to be big enough for three or more cars, or do you just need it for one? Will you be needing addition storage space on top of the room for the cars? How tall and how much storage do you want in the upper section? These important questions will dictate the majority of your construction project.

Take each one in turn and think about it then decide what direction you want to take your project in.

After you have a rough idea of what the size of your garage will be you can begin planning the inside. The first place to start here is with the garage door. This important piece must fit the opening nearly exactly if you expect to do anything in the winter or have a structure that is at all secure.

Be sure to plan for enough room for the door. This will include both sides, directly above the door and on the ceiling as the door is pulled in. Depending on what rails you get and what automatic door system you put in, you will need different amounts of space for all of these sections.

You should have enough of a basic layout that building a detached garage is only a couple short steps aways.

The door is by far the trickiest part to design for. Once you have that in place you can start planning out the different pieces inside your garage. You will need ample room for all of your things, so plan accordingly so that you are not left with a storage shortage. There are many different kinds of storage to choose from starting with simple wood cabinets all the way to complex metal workbenches capable of holding your tools and doing all your work.

Again it is up to you how much you are going to need. Hopefully this article has given you some ideas into what building a detached garage requires.

Retinitis Proliferans

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by qtschlepper

Article by hi joiney

EtymologyGr. “an” = “not”, + “is(o)” = “equal,” + “eikn” = “image” CausesRetinal image size is determined by many factors. The size and position of the object being viewed affects the characteristics of the light entering the system. Corrective lenses affect these characteristics and are used commonly to correct refractive error. The optics of the eye including its refractive power and axial length also play a major role in retinal image size.Aniseikonia can occur naturally or be induced by the correction of a refractive error, usually anisometropia (having significantly different refractive errors between each eye) or antimetropia (being myopic (nearsighted) in one eye and hyperopic (farsighted) in the other.) Meridional aniseikonia occurs when these refractive differences only occur in one meridian (see astigmatism). Refractive surgery can cause aniseikonia in much the same way that it is caused by glasses and contacts.One cause of significant anisometropia and subsequent aniseikonia has been aphakia. Aphakic patients do not have a crystalline lens. The crystalline lens is often removed because of opacities called cataracts. The absence of this lens left the patient highly hyperopic (farsighted) in that eye. For some patients the removal was only performed on one eye, resulting in the anisometropia / aniseikonia. Today, this is rarely a problem because when the lens is removed in cataract surgery, an intraocular lens, or IOL is left in its place. DemonstrationA way to demonstrate aniseikonia is to hold a near target (ex. pen or finger) approximately 6 inches directly in front of one eye. The person then closes one eye, and then the other. The person should notice that the target appears larger to the eye that it is directly in front of. When this object is viewed with both eyes, it is seen with a small amount of aniseikonia. The principles behind this demonstration are relative distance magnification (closer objects appear larger) and asymmetrical convergence (the target is not an equal distance from each eye). SymptomsWhen this magnification difference becomes excessive the effect can cause diplopia, disorientation, eyestrain, headache, and dizziness and balance disorders. TreatmentTreatment is done by changing the optical magnification properties of the auxiliary optics (corrective lenses). The optical magnification properties of spectacle lenses can be adjusted by changing parameters like the base curve, vertex distance, and center thickness. Contact lenses may also provide a better optical magnification to reduce the difference in image size. The difference in magnification can also be eliminated by a combination of contact lenses and glasses (creating a weak telescope system). The optimum design solution will depend on different parameters like cost, cosmetic implications, and if the patient can tolerate wearing a contact lens.Note however that before the optics can be designed, first the aniseikonia should be known=measured. When the image disparity is astigmatic (cylindrical) and not uniform, images can appear wider, taller, or diagonally different. When the disparity appears to vary across the visual field (field-dependent aniseikonia), as may be the case with an epiretinal membrane or retinal detachment, the aniseikonia cannot fully be corrected with traditional optical techniques like standard corrective lenses. However, partial correction often improves the patient’s vision comfort significantly. Little is known yet about the possibilities of using surgical intervention to correct aniseikonia. References^ Berens, Conrad; Loutfallah, Michael (1938), “Aniseikonia: A Study of 836 Patients Examined with the Ophthalmo-Eikonometer”, Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 36: 23467, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1315746&blobtype=pdf  External linksAniseikonia information at Optical Diagnosticsv  d  eEye disease  pathology of the eye (H00-H59, 360-379)Adnexaeyelid: inflammation (Stye, Chalazion, Blepharitis)  Entropion  Ectropion  Lagophthalmos  Blepharochalasis  Ptosis  Blepharophimosis  Xanthelasma  eyelash (Trichiasis, Madarosis)lacrimal system: Dacryoadenitis  Epiphora  Dacryocystitis  Xerophthalmiaorbit: Exophthalmos  Enophthalmos  Orbital cellulitisconjunctiva: Conjunctivitis (Allergic conjunctivitis)  Pterygium  Pinguecula  Subconjunctival hemorrhageGlobeFibrous tunicsclera: Scleritiscornea: Keratitis (Herpetic keratitis, Acanthamoeba keratitis, Fungal keratitis)  Corneal ulcer  Snow blindness  Thygeson’s superficial punctate keratopathy  Corneal dystrophy (Fuchs’, Meesmann)  Keratoconus  Keratoconjunctivitis sicca  Arc eye  Keratoconjunctivitis  Corneal neovascularization   Kayser-Fleischer ring  Arcus senilis  Band keratopathyVascular tunicIris and ciliary bodyIritis  Uveitis (Intermediate uveitis)  Iridocyclitis  Hyphema  Rubeosis iridis  Persistent pupillary membrane  Iridodialysis  SynechiaChoroidChoroideremia  Choroiditis (Chorioretinitis)LensCataract  Aphakia  Ectopia lentisRetinaRetinitis (Chorioretinitis, Cytomegalovirus retinitis)  Retinal detachment  Retinoschisis  Ocular ischemic syndrome/Central retinal vein occlusion  Retinopathy (Bietti’s crystalline dystrophy, Coats disease, Diabetic retinopathy, Hypertensive retinopathy, Retinopathy of prematurity)  Macular degeneration  Retinitis pigmentosa  Retinal haemorrhage  Central serous retinopathy  Macular edema  Epiretinal membrane  Macular pucker  Vitelliform macular dystrophy  Leber’s congenital amaurosis  Birdshot chorioretinopathyOtherGlaucoma/Ocular hypertension  Floater  Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy  Red eye  Keratomycosis  Phthisis bulbiPathwaysOptic nerve andvisual pathwaysOptic neuritis  Papilledema  Optic atrophy  Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy  Dominant optic atrophy  Optic disc drusen  Glaucoma  Toxic and nutritional optic neuropathy  Anterior ischemic optic neuropathyOcular muscles,binocular movement,accommodationand refractionParalytic strabismus: Ophthalmoparesis  Progressive external ophthalmoplegia  Palsy (III, IV, VI)  Kearns-Sayre syndromeOther strabismus: Esotropia/Exotropia  Hypertropia  Heterophoria (Esophoria, Exophoria)  Brown’s syndrome  Duane syndromeOther binocular: Conjugate gaze palsy  Convergence insufficiency  Internuclear ophthalmoplegia  One and a half syndromeRefractive error: Hyperopia/Myopia  Astigmatism  Anisometropia/Aniseikonia  PresbyopiaVisual disturbancesand blindnessAmblyopia  Leber’s congenital amaurosis   Subjective (Asthenopia, Hemeralopia, Photophobia, Scintillating scotoma)  Diplopia  Scotoma  Anopsia (Binasal hemianopsia, Bitemporal hemianopsia, Homonymous hemianopsia, Quadrantanopia)  Color blindness (Achromatopsia, Dichromacy, Monochromacy)  Nyctalopia (Oguchi disease)  Blindness/Low visionPupilAnisocoria  Argyll Robertson pupil  Marcus Gunn pupil  Adie syndrome  Miosis  Mydriasis  CycloplegiaOtherNystagmusEye infectionsTrachoma  Onchocerciasiseye navs: anat/adnexa anat/pathways/physio/dev, noncongen/congen/neoplasia, eponymous signs, proc Categories: Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction

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Choroiditis and Retinitis

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