The Human Biology in Medical Field

Archive for the ‘heart disease’ Category

The heart is the most vital organ in the body for life. Changes in lifestyles and living patterns increasingly erratic greatly affect our heart health. Many ways to make heart-healthy benefits. In addition to attention to diet, exercise is also one way to reduce any risk of disease that may attack the heart. Walking for example, do not need to be done every day, just five times a week for half an hour turned out to reduce the risk of heart disease. According to one study, physical activity done regularly can help reduce obesity, diabetes, osteoporosis, colon cancer and reduce the risk of heart disease by 50%.

Also try not to consume food or beverages that are harmful to health such as smoking, drinking alcoholic beverages or foods high in cholesterol. The best way to prevent such a situation is to encourage activity that is easy to do such as walking. Walking is a physical exercise that can be done cheaply all the time and good for health.

Increasing physical activity does not mean you have to come to places gym or exercise at a gym, but activities such as walking, using stairs or elevator in the field of gardening is so much better and beneficial to health. But still keep in mind though a good exercise for our health, but if too heavy and exceeds the strength of body and or also less, exercise it will cause new problems for our health.

The boundaries of the body strength can be seen from the heart rate during exercise. A good idea to monitor your heart rate during exercise, this will make your physical exercise safe and more effective.

A disease that once experienced by older people lately stalking young people. Coronary heart disease (CHD) or better known as heart attack, for example. Those who were aged 20 years also could have been stricken with the disease. Especially, people who are overweight since childhood plus a lifestyle that is not good.

According to Dr Sarvasti SpJP, someone said to overweight when body mass index (BMI) of more than 25. ‘Someone said to obesity when BMI exceeds 30, “said the specialist heart and blood vessels from Main Husada Hospital Surabaya.

Child obesity, he said, may be related to genetic factors. However, it can also be caused by environmental factors and hormonal. Some examples of environmental factors, children often eat junk food and rarely exercise. ‘Factor could be hormonal thyroid and growth hormone deficiency (growth hormone),’ he said.
Fat is still needed by the body, especially in children. Fat serves to make some hormones. For example, growth hormone or sexual. ‘However, only the good fats necessary type HDL,’ he said.

Not only are obese children who may develop CHD. Those suffering from Kawasaki disease was likely to suffer from CHD. Because, Kawasaki disease attacks the coronary arteries. ‘If Kawasaki disease is handled immediately, very likely the child will not experience complications of CHD,’ he said.

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Cigarette smoke contains more than 4000 harmful chemicals that can damage the body. Chemicals in cigarettes would lead to abnormalities in particular blood vessels which in turn will increase the risk for heart attack, stroke, hypertension, etc. up to 2-4 times.

Cigarettes will affect all stages of plaque formation of blood vessels, starting from damaging blood vessel walls then triggering the formation of thrombosis (blood vessel blockage) that cause a heart attack and stroke. Blood vessel damage not only occurs in active smokers, but it also occurs in nonsmokers.

The exact mechanism how smoking can lead to heart and blood vessel abnormalities is still not known with certainty until today. However it is known that smoking can cause inflammation in the body, triggering the occurrence of endothelial dysfunction (vascular wall), and trigger the formation of oxidative stress that can damage blood vessels further.

In addition, it is shown that the nicotine contained in cigarettes is a sympathomimetic chemical substances, so that it can increase heart rate, increased blood pressure and cardiac output. Nicotine also has metabolic effects, which increase lipolysis (fat splitting process). Lipolysis will increase free fatty acid levels and glycerol levels in the blood. Free fatty acid content and high glycerol will increase the metabolism of fat requires a lot of oxygen. Overall, the effects of nicotine in the body as a whole will increase the demand on the heart for oxygen. Increasing oxygen demand which too high will trigger a heart attack if the body is unable to supply the oxygen needed by the heart, it is marked by the occurrence of chest pain (angina).

Other chemicals in cigarette smoke will also accelerate the formation of blood vessel plaques (atherosclerotic plaques), blood vessels become stiff. Plaque rupture of blood vessels that can trigger formation of blood clots that can clog arteries. All these events will injure blood vessel walls. Injured blood vessel walls which will facilitate cholesterol and other fats to stick to blood vessels. As a result, fatty deposits called plaque will begin to accumulate in the blood vessels and causes blood vessels to stiffen. In addition, smoking also decreases HDL (good cholesterol), which will help clear blockages LDL in the blood vessel.

If plaque is clogging the blood vessels to deliver oxygen to the heart, the heart will be starved of oxygen. This will cause chest pain (angina). If blood vessel is blocked completely, then partially cardiac death, and this is what is known as a heart attack.

No matter how long you smoked, but quit smoking right now is the right decision. Soon after you quit smoking, your heart will be more relaxed, the blood becomes more dilute and little chance to form a blockage of blood vessels. Lining the blood vessels will begin to recover from the inflammation that inhibits blood vessel plaque formation.

Simply by quitting smoking have been able to reduce the risk of heart attack by 65% after three years. If you’ve had a heart attack, then quitting smoking will prevent another heart attack later in your life.

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In addition to functioning as a food seasoning, garlic had been used since a long time for medicinal purposes. Starting from its superiority as an anti-fungus, anti-bacterial, or as an anti-virus component to the heart-protecting agent / cardioprotective. Cardioprotective effects of garlic actually refers to the ability to be an antioxidant.

Recently, cardiovascular research center at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine have learned that raw garlic mashed dried or cooked without prior may protect the heart.

Why should the raw garlic mashed and not through the process first? According to the researchers prepacked K. Das, PhD, ScD, a professor and director of cardiovascular research center, the raw garlic is crushed to produce hydrogen sulfide, the gas that is also produced by rotten eggs. Large amounts of this gas can be toxic, but in small amounts can protect the heart function. However, if the garlic through a pemrosesa, then hydrogen sulfide gas that has a short life time of the gas it will disappear.

Until now, people know that garlic is already past the processing also has antioxidant effects and can protect the damage caused by free radicals. However, these effects turned out to be even greater in the garlic raw.

Back by Das as quoted by Health.com (13/11/2009), “The two kinds of raw garlic, and who had undergone processing, can reduce damage from lack of oxygen, but the raw garlic has a greater significant effect in maintaining good blood flow in the aorta, and may increase the pressure in the left ventricle of the heart. “Then, the amount of garlic needed to achieve these effects is one clove a day.

Garlic is very popular compared to other foods which can prevent disease, because the organosulfur content and antioxidant activity. However, raw garlic can cause indigestion and rich aroma cause bad breath and can interfere in the social circles. To still get the benefits of raw garlic without bad breath. You can try the advice of a herbalist, David Winston and Merrily A. Kuhn, RN, PhD by chopping a single clove, let stand for 10-15 minutes, then mix with yogurt, apple sauce, honey or other sauces. When finished eating, you can chew parsley leaves or gum to eliminate bad breath.

Anti-clotting drug Clopidogrel (Plavix) has the ability to help prevent strokes and heart attacks for patients with abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia) that increases the chance of stroke.

The study involved approximately 7500 people with atrial fibrillation. In the 4-year period, patients taking Plavix and aspirin have a reduced value of 11% to suffer from ‘test’ for heart disease, stroke, blood clots, or death associated with cardiovascular disorders than those who only consume aspirin alone.

The study called ACTIVE-A is, presented at the annual meeting of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and published online by the New England Journal of Medicine.

What is Clopidogrel?
Clopidogrel Plavix patent name is anti-clotting drugs that inhibit blood clot formation in blood vessels, thus preventing the occurrence of heart attacks and strokes caused by blockage of blood vessels.

Why Clopidogrel Given After implantation stents (ring)?
Stent is a tube consisting of wire mesh that is very small with a function to open the flow of blood vessels after balloon angioplasty is completed and the opening of the blockage.

Stent is composed of steel wires also can be blocked again. Latest stent or coated with drugs (drug-eluting) are also sometimes clogged again though not as frequently as their frequency stents without drugs. This re-blockage will increase the risk of repeat heart attack or even death.

Provision of anti-clotting drug combined with its Clopidogrel Aspirin will help prevent re-occurrence of blood clots in the stent.

Does Clopidogrel Therapy Risky?
Greatest risk of this drug delivery is the occurrence of bleeding. Bleeding is sometimes vague or hidden bleeding. The signs of hemorrhage should be immediately reported to the urine (urine) are black or reddish, stool or black stool, and events bruises unusual.

Bleeding can lead to anemia with weakness and fatigue symptoms. Another side effect of clopidogrel is diarrhea and allergic reaction that causes rash or redness.

How Long Clopidogrel must be taken After stents Action?
There are differences of opinion in this case, the FDA recommends the use of Plavix in combination with aspirin for 3-6 months after stent implantation. But there are other studies stating that stopping the use of clopidogrel and aspirin after 3-6 months after implantation would increase the likelihood of repeated heart attacks than those who continued drug use. In conclusion, most doctors will recommend to continue taking clopidogrel to get a reason to stop it.

Recent studies suggest that clopidogrel and aspirin therapy should be done for 2-3 years after stent implantation performed. After that, the doctor may recommend taking one course, aspirin or clopidogrel. Risk of bleeding will be greater with the second delivery of the drug. If the patient is capable, it is advisable to continue the Plavix for a large study involving approximately 20,000 participants with heart disease gives results that Plavix, although slightly, providing a significant improvement than aspirin in preventing heart attacks and over, stroke, or death.

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Have you ever thought that cooling the human brain can bring an advantage in improving brain function? Maybe you’re confused by this statement, how and what benefits it brings? Are these actions can be done by anyone?

However, this action was not intended for healthy people, but the people who suffered cardiac arrest. In the cardiac arrest, the heart will stop beating so that the circulation of blood to the brain and the body will stop. If these organs do not receive the blood supply then the cell will damaged slowly and the organs function will disrupt gradually.

The brain is one of human organs which can survive for 4 minutes only without blood supply. Based on this information, when a person experiences cardiac arrest, which can be confirmed by feeling the pulse that beats in the neck right or left side is no longer beat for 10 seconds, cardiac resuscitation or CPR (Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation) should be made. But in fact, the brain damage remains occur in common despite resuscitation was performed.

With the development of medical science, some researchers managed to find a new method to reduce the incidence of brain damage. A method that slightly surprising but can provide a big difference. This method is done by lowering the body temperature in patients who recently suffered a cardiac arrest.

The method is tested in the study Pre-Resuscitation Intra-Nasal Cooling Effectiveness (PRINCE), The first study of randomized test to show that cooling by using the RhinoChill tool can be done and safe during cardiac arrest condition, according to Maaret Castrén, MD, from the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm.

It works by making the body temperature lower than normal body temperature (hypothermia) and carried out by using a kind of tube through the nose. The tube is similar to oxygen tube, but contains a mixture of volatile coolant and oxygen directly under the large vessels of the brain. The process of evaporation of the gas will cool nasal cavity rapidly to less than 2 ° C, from rapidly these locations the cold is transmitted to the brain. Although in the end the whole body will be cold, but the main target is the brain, according to Denise Barbut, a neurologist physician who is also a presidential and senior staff from BeneChill Inc., RhinoChill equipment manufacturer.

Side effects associated with these actions is not too severe, with the majority of color changes on the nose. However, these side effects will return to normal in patients who survive.

Currently, RhinoChill tools have been approved in Europe but not yet marketed. In  the first quarter of 2010, the system will marketed in Europe.

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The process of hardening of heart arteries (atherosclerosis) which is one of the causes of heart disease and identical with the modern lifestyle factors that are less healthy, it does not fully include disease ‘modern’.

A mummy in the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities in Cairo into the CT Scan. Researchers found evidence that ancient people of Egypt have had the phenomenon of adult heart disease is bustling factors associated with modern lifestyles.

(Photo courtesy of: dr. Micahel Miyamoto / University of California, San Diego
Latest research results published by the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that about 3.500 years ago, the population of Egypt has had atherosclerosis. Pegawetan technical progress Egyptian mummies made famous researchers can diagnose the disease through a different era. From 22 mummies from the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities in Cairo which was analyzed by using CT scans, there are 16 of them who still have the heart during the process of mummification and clearly identifiable blood vessels. Nine of them showed clear evidence of hardening of the arteries.

In these studies found that the mummies showed similar problems with existing heart disease, where they are now older when he died showed signs of atherosclerosis, a condition that can lead to stroke, heart attack, and heart complications and other blood vessels.

Based on the analysis of the skeletal structure of the mummy, researchers determined that the eight mummies alive until the age of more than 45 years. Of these, seven of them showed signs of atherosclerosis. In comparison, among the eight who died when a young age-as an example of King Tut, who died at the age of 18, only two showed signs of hardening of the arteries.

But the team cardiologist who worked with the Egyptian historian, can not determine the actual cause or, more specifically determine if the mummy of the dead because of heart peyakit One thing for sure is that they can confirm that many residents of Egypt hardens arteries and concluded that atherosclerosis is a condition that turned out to have been rooted in human history.

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Scientists have discovered new evidence related to other types of bad cholesterol which was contributed to the occurrence of heart disease.

Unlike cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL / low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) which has many known and unknown, Lipoprotein (a) or Lp (a) can not be controlled by reducing dietary fat foods or swallowing a statin drug. However, the researchers looked at the high level of Lp (a) is lower risk than high LDL levels.

Other drugs are also thought to be working to minimize its effect. The results of the study was published in the New England Journal of Medicine in the latest issue.

LDL, known to be very aggressive in “attacking” the arteries and increase the risk of heart disease. The scientists believe that Lp (a) that its derivative is not “fierce” LDL, but it can cause blockage of blood vessels.

In examining the Lp (a), the researchers used genetic chip technology to scan the DNA of a potential point for the risk of heart disease that they know from previous studies.

Professor Martin Farrall, members of the research team at Oxford University on Saturday (26/12), say, one of six people with one or more genes Lp (a).

“Hopefully, with a target of therapy, both for LDL and Lp (a), we can find the best way to reduce the risk of heart disease better,” says Martin Farrall.

He said the increased risk of high levels of Lp (a) it is still lower than those with high LDL. The drugs are there now, such as Niacin and other types that will enter the market such as CETP-inhibitors reduce Lp (a), as well as LDL.

Professor Peter Weissberg British Heart Foundation said the findings are useful for emphasizing the importance of reducing levels of Lp (a) which will lead to new efforts. However, LDL remains the main type of bad cholesterol that must be considered.

Heart attacks that cause sudden death is usually associated with a pattern of unhealthy living, as often consume high-fat diet and sedentary.

However, a number of international researchers recently discovered a new variation of nine genes that can cause a person vulnerable to sudden death from heart attack.

Almost half of the new gene will not be believed by anyone associated with the biology of heart, “said Dan Arking from the Faculty of Medicine at Johns Hopkins University told Reuters.

In the journal “Circulation” last month, the group has found Arking reported a single gene that increases risk of death from heart attack. The new research identifies these genes plus nine new genes that modify the heart contractions, a measure known as interval “QT”.

QT interval “includes the time from the beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization end .  Therefore,” QT interval “included all electrical events that occur in the ventricles. Duration” QT interval “in accordance with the heartbeat rate. The more rapid heart rate, the faster repolarize heart to prepare for the next contraction, and consequently the shorter the QT interval. In general, “QT interval” consisting of nearly 40 percent of the normal cardiac cycle when measured from one R wave to next R wave.

Dan Arking says people with “QT interval” long have a higher risk of sudden death from heart attack. According to the “American College of Cardiology”, sudden death from heart attack experienced by more than 400,000 people per year in the United States. “Sudden death from heart attack is a real problem. You will not get a second chance,” says Arking.

The results of a study of 15,842 people shows that when there are 10 variants of the gene, one will have a better chance to have the “QT interval” long. A heart attack can increase the risk of having heart rhythm abnormalities, but those who inherit the genetic risk is often not known.

“The problem is these people have no risk factors. They do not have high cholesterol, and obesity. In some cases, genetics may be the only hope for some of these people,” says Arking. Therefore, the next step that needs to be done is to try to identify how big a role each of these genes in increasing risk. These findings may offer a step for creating new drugs.

A heart attack occurs when blood flow through a section of heart muscle is blocked. If not resolved quickly, part of the heart muscle will be damaged from lack of oxygen supply, and then the muscle will die. According to Drs. Arief L. The judge in the Consultation Online, a heart attack most often occurs as a direct result of a condition known as Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), or Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). CHD occurs on the accumulation of fat called plaque for years on the walls of coronary arteries. Coronary artery is an artery that supplies blood to the heart muscle. Although attached to the artery wall, plaque, or sometimes can be torn apart so that stimulate the body to form blood clots, or “clot” in the release of this plaque.

Clot can form large enough to block the blood supply directed “feed” the heart muscle. During a heart attack occurs when coronary arteries blocking not handled quickly, the heart muscle will gradually experience death and transformed into scar tissue (scar tissue). Damage to the heart muscle is probably not obvious from the outside, or it may also cause big problems and prolonged. It all depends on the heavy-light degree of muscle damage, and how large an area damaged.

Quick action on the early symptoms of a heart attack can save lives and minimize the risk of heart muscle damage. The most effective early handling carried out in 1 hour since the first symptoms appear. Signs and symptoms of heart attack most often occurs is pain (usually good) or unpleasant sensations in the chest, such as compressed, such as pressing, such as bites, such as fully charged, or pain in the chest more frequently spread to the left chest, one or two hands, upper body, penetrating to the back, neck, lower jaw, or solar plexus. His breath was heavy and short, can occur simultaneously or prior to the occurrence of pain in the chest. Other signs are nausea, vomiting sensation as flying or going to faint, and cold sweat. If you experience these symptoms, immediately to the hospital. If the symptoms are gone in less than five minutes, still contact your doctor

Surgery is often avoided because many patients had phobia with the resulting pain. In fact, surgery is a safer way and a little more effective than balloon angioplasty in preventing stroke. It is claimed by two recent studies done by researchers from Duke University Medical Center stroke center. Installation of balloon angioplasty to open arteries clogged neck, according to the researchers, showed worse outcomes in patients.

Both these treatment systems, bright researchers, equally lead to stroke risk remains. However, previously not known which one is more risky. The results of this study, further research, is expected to bring major changes in the clinical treatment system, particularly in countries more often than surgery using a balloon to open clogged arteries or narrowing.

“By looking at the results of all studies, it has been found by clear if the higher risk of stroke with angioplasty,” said one researcher Peter M. Rothwell, MD, PhD, was quoted as saying WebMD site.
In addition, the light Rothwell, long-term results of angioplasty are also much worse. “This is a double blow for angioplasty.”

Narrowing of the arteries due to accumulation of fatty plaques, according to Rothwell, is one of the main factors causing a stroke. And this is usually handled by lifting plaques with surgery or open the narrowed artery by a small balloon pump that will be moved to the neck through a narrow tube inserted into an artery. And now, he’s bright, very much done as stent angioplasty to keep the artery open. “This has become a popular choice in recent years because it is considered safer than surgery,” said Rothwell.

Detailed studies

In the first study, researchers followed the 251 patients who had surgery and 253 patients who had undergone angioplasty.

Eight years later the first study found, more angioplasty patients had a stroke (11.3%) than patients who undergo surgery (8.6%). In addition, angioplasty group also experienced more minor stroke within the first 30 days after the procedure than those who had surgery (8:1). Surgery group had more cases of cranial nerve paralysis / cranial nerve palsy (22:0), temporary nerve injury, and hematoma (bruise). This makes the operation the patient should stay longer in hospital (17:3).

In the second study, researchers used ultrasound mapping to see the formation of plaque in the arteries of 213 pasein that will perform the operation and 200 patients undergoing angioplasty.

After 5 years of the study found that angioplasty patients had chronic arterial blockage 3 times more than the surgery patients (31%: 10%). “Patients who undergo angioplasty with stent had a smaller risk of plaque formation than those who returned only to angioplasty alone. ”

“The results of this study show clearly that the operation is the best option. But it is important to remember that the difference is not too big,” said study leader Martin M. Brown, MD,. Thus, patients who can not undergo surgery or did not want to do surgery can do angioplasty or stent combined with.