The Human Biology in Medical Field

Archive for the ‘health topics’ Category

Every human being is almost certainly have had a stomach ache. Both light and heavy. Often we consider it as stomach ulcers, or what is known in medicine as dyspepsia (because the term “ulcer” in Latin means stomach). Symptoms of heartburn can mimic gastric injury. Deep wounds called ulcer. Peptic ulcers are caused by high gastric acid production by bacteria and irritants found in the stomach. There are two kinds of major abnormalities in the stomach, namely the functional disorders and organic disorders.
More functional abnormalities associated with impaired gastric function, no change in gastric organ anatomy during clinical examination, biochemical, until the other investigation like ultrasound, endoscopy, x-rays, or CT scan. Abdominal symptoms of nausea, like vomiting, heartburn, stomach feels full, belching, early satiety, abdominal rumbling, until frequent flatulence. This disorder is a disorder that most ordinary people regarded ulcer disorders.

Organic disorders characterized by anatomical abnormalities that can be seen during endoscopic examination. The form can vary, ranging from inflammation or red image of the stomach, blisters, sores, polyps, or until the most severe of the tumor. In more severe cases of vomiting blood or bloody bowel movements, can be sure that there is a chronic disorder of the stomach. To further confirm it, it is necessary begun a series of endoscopic examination, gastric mucosa biopsy histopathology, culture test, and rapid urea test.

Patients with recent diarrhea to increase, change of seasons was mentioned as one cause of the large number of patients. In fact, diarrhea is said to be one of this infectious disease has quite a lot of trigger factors. Here are some factors that can cause diarrhea or vomiting: First, environmental factors are less clear. Second, clean water supply factors that have not been adequate. Third, infections caused by viruses, bacteria, or other parasites. Fourth, the victim of food poisoning or an allergy to substances in food.

One cause of this diarrhea outbreak is the contamination of food or beverages by certain pathogenic microorganisms. There are several common pathogenic microorganisms that cause diarrhea or vomiting. First, Vibrio cholerae, curved rod-shaped bacteria that can move and do not form spores. This bacterium causes the highest mortality rates. Diarrhea accompanied by vomiting and stomach cramps, can come suddenly (nausea). Transmission via food and beverages contaminated by bacteria found in the vomit or faeces of patients. Second, Shigella sp. basiler main cause dysentery, which is a disease with symptoms of dysentery are severe abdominal pain, frequent stools, and pain with a little stool volume with mucus and blood. Third, Escherichia coli, the bacteria are rod-shaped, gram negative, facultative anaerobic, and unable to form spores. As we know the bacterium E. coli is a normal organism found in the human gut so that its existence is not a problem. However, some specific strains of these bacteria can cause diseases such as diarrhea or vomiting. Fourth, the amoeba. Some of the types of single-celled organisms are likely to play a role in the occurrence of outbreaks of diarrhea or even vomiting. Humans can become infected by eating cyst that contained the food or beverage. Cysts can even be carried by flies and cockroaches and contaminate food or beverages. Classic symptoms that occur are frequent bowel movements, stool with a bit of blood and mucus and accompanied by fever and abdominal pain. In the acute situation may be accompanied headache, nausea, abdominal cramps and sometimes vomiting. Fifth, viruses, microorganisms that cause infections of this smallest, of which can affect the digestive tract, especially the baby. Typical symptoms that can be found are diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, causing dehydration. In infants and children, lack of fluids and electrolytes can be deadly if not treated quickly as possible. Sixth, poisoning, either by bacteria or chemicals from the food we eat. At the beginning of this bacteria cause symptoms of acute indigestion, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, dizziness and dry mouth. Symptoms will continue in the form of blurred vision and muscle paralysis.

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Previously, researchers at Brown University, Rhode Island United States has conducted intensive therapy using robots have been helping patients improve stroke patient’s arm movements.

And now in the UK alone it has provided improved quality of life of stroke patients, as quoted in The New England Journal of Medicine.

Although currently undergoing development in several stages beginning, it has given new hope to stroke patients.

Stroke can result in long-term disability disability, until the cause of physical limitations and weaknesses of people with stroke. With the recommendation of intensive therapy after a stroke, can help restore some movement to return to normal function. However yan g physiotherapist power constraints is limited. With the presence of robot physical trainer is expected to be a solution to help patients with physical training.

In developing this robot research involved 127 patients who on average had a stroke five years earlier. They were divided into three groups – first group who received the “robot” therapy for three months, the second groups received intensive therapy equivalents – conducted by a physiotherapist – while the third group received “normal” health, without intensive care.

Significantly with the exercise group experienced improvement robotic arm function. Measured by how much better they can perform everyday tasks such as using a knife and fork, open a bottle or tying shoelaces.

Dr Albert Lo, who led the research, said: “We have shown that with appropriate therapy (patients) can see an improvement in movement, daily functioning and quality of life – this is to give stroke patients new hope.

Like a machine that can not work without the help of oil, as it is also the mouth without saliva. Few people realize the importance of the existence of saliva in life, but without it life can be uncomfortable.

Not only serves to assist in chewing and digestion, saliva also protects the teeth by helping to prevent caries, adjust acidity of the oral cavity, and prevent the microorganisms to grow unchecked.

Saliva is produced and excreted by the salivary glands, and flowed into the oral cavity through a channel. Each day, saliva excreted up to 0.5 – 1.5 liters by the three major salivary glands around the mouth and throat. The gland is:

* Parotid gland -> channel (ductal saliva) gland empties into the near top gear
* Submandibular gland -> Salivary duct empties into the bottom of the tongue
* Sublingual gland -> Salivary duct empties into the floor of the mouth

In the mouth there are also small salivary glands (minor salivary gland) spread on the lips, inner cheek (buccal mucosa), palate (soft palate) that the number reached 600 on the normal state.

Under certain conditions, the production or the flow of saliva can be reduced from the normal and cause dry mouth conditions. The condition in medical language is called Xerostomia.

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